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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (32)
  • 1995-1999  (13)
  • 1990-1994  (19)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 2886-2900 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The equations for the higher-order moments of turbulent velocity fluctuations are considered. These are derived utilizing truncated, cumulant expansions as an approximation for the probability density distributions of the corresponding turbulence properties. By applying different degrees of truncations to these expansions, an alternative set of equations for the moments is formulated that contains only velocity correlations. From these equations, interrelations between the higher-order moments are deduced and are experimentally verified using data available in the literature and also data measured by the authors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 3 (1991), S. 770-781 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The bifurcation structure of two-dimensional, pressure-driven flows through a rectangular duct that is rotating about an axis perpendicular to its own is examined at a fixed Ekman number (Ek=ν/b2Ω) of 0.01. The solution structure for flow through a square duct (aspect ratio γ=1) is determined for Rossby numbers (Ro=U/bΩ) in the range of 0–5 using a computational scheme based on the arclength continuation method. The structure is much more complicated than reported earlier by Kheshgi and Scriven [Phys. Fluids 28, 2968 (1985)]. The primary branch with two limit points in Rossby number and a hysteresis behavior between the two- and four-cell flow structure that was computed by Kheshgi and Scriven is confirmed. An additional symmetric solution branch, which is disconnected from the primary branch (or rather connected via an asymmetric solution branch), is found. This has a two-cell flow structure at one end, a four-cell flow structure at the other and three limit points are located on the path. Two asymmetric solution branches emanating from symmetry breaking bifurcation points are also found for a square duct. Thus even within a Rossby number range of 0–5 a much richer solutions structure is found with up to five solutions at Ro=5. An eigenvalue calculation indicates that all two-dimensional solutions develop some form of unstable mode by the time Ro is increased to 5.0. In particular, the four-cell solution becomes unstable to asymmetric perturbations as found in a related problem of flow through a curved duct. The paths of the singular points are tracked with respect to variation in the aspect ratio using the fold following algorithm. A transcritical point is found at an aspect ratio of 0.815 and below which the four-cell solution is no longer on the primary branch. When the channel cross section is tilted even slightly (1°) with respect to the axis of rotation, the bifurcation points unfold and the two-cell solution evolves smoothly as Rossby number is increased. The four-cell solutions then become genuinely disconnected from the primary branch. The uniqueness range in Rossby number increases with increasing tilt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 4 (1992), S. 118-126 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Higher-order correlations were measured in a turbulent boundary layer using the LDA measuring technique. In the paper, comparisons are made between the measured and predicted correlations obtained by utilizing the properties of truncated Gram–Charlier series expansions. Several theoretically derived relationships between correlations of different orders were confirmed by the experimental data. The experimental and theoretical results support the applicability of truncated Gram–Charlier series expansions for a refined statistical analysis of the conservation equations for higher-order moments of turbulent property fluctuations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 6 (1994), S. 1553-1573 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A numerical study of the viscous supersonic flow past a flat plate is presented. The objective is to investigate the supersonic flow at high angles of incidence where large flow gradients occur. The effect of the angle of incidence and the Reynolds number (Re) in the flow structure especially in the formation of the separation region is investigated. The study is based on the solution of the full Navier–Stokes equations by high resolution schemes, and it focuses on the supersonic flow over the plate at Re≤105. Results on fine computational grids are presented for flow angles up to 20°. The calculations reveal that the flow remain attached for angles of incidence less than a=5°. For a=5° and Re=105, separation of the flow at the trailing edge appeared. Increasing the flow angle (a(approximately-greater-than)5°) moves the separation point upstream while a reverse flow region forms for the entire range of the Reynolds numbers used in this study. The results reveal that for large angles of incidence, the variation of the Reynolds number has significant effects on the variation of the flow variables. The flow behind the trailing edge is also affected from the flow angle as well as from the Reynolds number. Comparisons are also presented between viscous and inviscid solutions. The comparisons show that the viscous effects are dominant on the upper surface of the plate as well as behind the trailing edge. These effects become stronger when the flow angle is a=20°.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: O-Dealkylation of two series of fluorescent 7-alkoxy-coumarins and 7-alkoxyphenoxazones by plant cytochrome P450s was investigated in Helianthus tuberosus tuber tissues treated with prototype P450 inducers, environmental pollutants or agrochemicals. Methoxy-, ethoxy-, propoxy-and butoxycoumarins and methoxy- and ethoxyresorufins were metabolized by fplant microsomes. Dealkylation of pentoxy- and benzyloxyresorufins was not detected. All dealkylating activities were enhanced by aging plant tissues in the presence of xenobiotics, in some cases up to 20-fold relative to the activities detected in control tissues. Increases in total P450 in the same tissues never exceeded 3-fold. The isozymes induced by prototype P450 inducers clearly differed from those in mammalian liver. That multiple P450s with overlapping substrate specificities were involved in the metabolism of both alkoxycoumarins and alkoxyresorufins was demonstrated by (1) the differential induction of the activities in response to exposure to xenobiotics, (2) the differential inhibition of the activities by clotrimazole, paclobutrazole and tetcyclacis in aminopyrine and benzo(a)pyrene-treated tissues, and(3) the selective inhibition observed with antibodies raised against purified ethoxycoumarin deethylase fractions. Our results suggest that the measurement of the dealkylation of such fluorescent substrates in plants might be useful to monitor environmental pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 61 (1991), S. 192-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht In der Arbeit wird der physikalische Hintergrund des sogenannten Coriolis-Durchflußmeßgreraätes beschrieben. Sie stellt im wesentlichen eine Analyse der (freien) Schwingungsmoden eines durchströmten Rohres dar. Wegen der Trägheitseffekte des strömenden Fluids, hauptsächlich der Coriolis-Kraft, weichen diese Moden in Form (und Frequenz) von denen bei abwesender Strömung ab. Deshalb kann die Fluidträgheit zum Zwecke der Durchflußmessung genutzt werden. Bei der Durchführung der Analyse wird eine vereinfachende Näherung vorgenommen: Das Rohr wird als dünner Balken, das Fluid als laufende Saite (oder laufender Faden) betrachtet. Durch diese Näherung wird ein Teil der Freiheitsgrade des Rohres eliminiert; dem Fluid bleibt ein einziger Freiheitsgrad, der mit seiner (mittleren) Geschwindigkeit verbunden ist. Die wesentlichen Merkmale des hier betrachteten Phänomens bleiben jedoch davon unbetroffen. Die Schwingungsgleichungen werden über das Variationsprinzip abgeleitet unter der Zwangsbedingung einer gemeinsamen Schwingungsamplitude von Rohr und Fluid. Der mit dem auferlegten Zwang verbundene Lagrange-Multiplikator ergibt die zwischen Rohr und Fluid wirkende Kraft. Die Moden werden durch ein Störungsverfahren bestimmt, mit der Fluidgeschwindigkeit als Störungsparameter. Die Analyse zeigt als Hauptergebnis, in welcher Weise der Zeitunterschied zwischen den Schwingungen zweier entsprechend gewählter Punkte des Rohres zur Bestimmung des Massendurchflusses des Fluides benutzt werden kann. Auch andere Aspekte des Problems, wie etwa die genaue Rolle der Coriolis-Kraft, werden betrachtet. Die mögliche Verbesserung der angewandten Näherung wird besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The paper aims at a detailed description of the physical background, for the so-called Coriolis mass flow meter. It presents essentially an analysis of the (free) vibration modes of a fluid conveying straight pipe segment. Due to the inertial effects of the flowing fluid, mainly the Coriolis force, these modes deviate in shape (and in frequency) from those appearing in the absence of fluid motion. The effect of fluid inertia may, therefore, be exploited for the purpose of flow measurement. The analysis is performed under a simplifying approximation: The pipe is considered as a beam, the fluid as a moving string. This approximation leaves the fluid with only one degree of freedom, connected with its mean velocity, and eliminates an infinity of degrees of freedom of the pipe. Yet it keeps, the essential features of the phenomenon. The equations describing the vibrations are derived variationally, with the constraint of a common vibration amplitude of both fluid and pipe. The Lagrange multiplier associated with the constraint gives the interaction force between pipe and fluid. The modes are determined by a perturbation procedure, wherein the small (perturbation) parameter is related to the fluid velocity. The analysis shows, as main result, how the time delay between the vibrations of two appropriately chosen points of the pipe may serve to determine the mass flow rate of the fluid. Other aspects of the problem, like the precise role of the Coriolis force, are considered. The possible improvement of the used approximation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 64 (1994), S. 373-382 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Ein Coriolis-Durchflußmeßgerät ist üblicherweise ein von einem Fluid durchströmter schwingender Rohrabschnitt, der eine Spiegelungssymmetrie besitzt und an dem der Zeitunterschied Δτ zwischen den Schwingungen zweier symmetrisch gelegener Querschnitte gemessen wird. Für einen homogenen Rohrabschnitt ist der ProportionalitätsfaktorK C zwischen Δτ und dem Massenstrom $$\dot Q_M$$ , d. h. der Kalibrierungsfaktor des Instrumentes, unabhängig von der Natur des Fluids. Das Anbringen einer konzentrierten Massem c an der Mitte des Rohrabschnittes — etwa zum Zwecke einer symmetrischen Anregung der Schwingung — hat eine Abhängigkeit des FaktorsK C von der Fluiddichte zur Folge. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluß der Massem c auf das Schwingungsspektrum und die Durchflußmessung bei einem Instrument mit geradem Rohrabschnitt eingehend untersucht. Es ergibt sich, daß die Schwingungsfrequenz der Grundmode zwar stark vonm c beeinflußt wird, der KalibrierungsfaktorK C aber praktisch unabhängig vonm c ist, bis zu ziemlich hohen Werten vonm c verglichen mit der Masse des gefüllten Rohrabschnittes.
    Notes: Summary Usually a Coriolis mass flowmeter consists of a fluid conveying vibrating pipe segment with a reflection symmetry, on which the time delay Δτ is measured between the vibrations of two symmetrically situated cross sections. For a homogeneous pipe segment, the proportionality factorK c between Δτ and the mass flowrate $$\dot Q_m$$ , i.e. the calibration factor of the instrument, is independent of the nature of the flowing fluid. Fixing a concentrated massm c at the middle of the pipe segment — as required e.g. for the purpose of a symmetric excitation of the vibration — brings about a dependence of the factorK c on the fluid density. In the present paper the influence of the massm c on the vibration spectrum and on flowmetering is investigated in detail for an instrument working with a straight pipe segment. It turns out that, whereas the frequency of the fundamental vibration mode is strongly influenced bym c , the calibration factorK c is practically independent of the massm c , up to fairly high values compared to the mass of the fluid filled pipe segment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 61 (1991), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper experimental results for drag reduction in turbulent pipe flows are reported. Drag reduction was achieved by the addition of high molecular weight polymers. The degradation of these polymers (chemically) thermally as well as mechanically was investigated and the effect of stabilizers was studied. Special emphasis is devoted to the effect of temperature on the onset of drag reduction. The influence of pipe diameter and of polymeric concentration on the critical wall shear stress (beyond which drag reduction ceases to exist) is deduced.
    Notes: Übersicht Die vorliegende Arbeit faßt Ergebnisse von experimentellen Untersuchungen zusammen, welehe durchgeführt wurden, um die reibungsmindernde Wirkung von Polymeren quantitativ zu bestimmen. Für die Durchführung der Untersuchungen sind zwei Meßeinrichtungen erstellt worden, die in der Arbeit beschrieben sind. Durch ihren Einsatz gelang es, die reibungsmindernde Wirkung von Polymeradditiven zu bestimmen und ihre mechanische Degradation sowie auch ihre Chemie-verursachte, bei erhöhten Temperaturen beschleunigt auftretende Degradation zu quantifizieren. Es werden theoretische Überlegungen zusammengefaßt, welche die mit einer Temperaturänderung auftretende Variation des Einsatzpunktes der Reibungsminderung zu erläutern erlauben. Messungen der kritischen Schubspannungsgeschwindigkeit werden angegeben, bei deren Überschreitung die reibungsmindernde Wirkung der Polymeradditive reduziert wird. Die experimentell gefundene Abhängigkeit dieser Größe vom Rohrdurchmesser und der Polymerkonzentration der Lösung wird aufgezeigt. Die für den praktischen Einsatz wichtige chemisch-thermische und mechanische Degradation der Reibungsminderung durch Polymeradditive wird quantitativ untersucht. Stabilisierende Zusätze werden hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung im Rahmen von Meßreihen erfaßt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 63 (1993), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Coriolis-Durchflußmeßgeräte bestehen im wesentlichen aus durchströmten Rohrsegmenten, die zu transversalen Schwingungen angeregt werden. Die genaue Form der Schwingungsmoden hängt dabei von der Durchflußrate $$\dot Q_m $$ des Fluids ab. Für gewöhnliche Durchflußraten weichen die Eigenschwingungen nur leicht von den Schwingungsmoden ohne Durchfluß ( $$\dot Q_m $$ = 0) ab, sie können als kleine Störungen dieser Moden betrachtet werden. Die Störungen äußern sich in einem leichten Taumeln des durchströmten Rohres. In der Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß die Störung einer vorgegebenen Eigenschwingung des Rohres durch den Durchfluß als Mischung dieser (Arbeits-)Mode mit ihren spektralen Nachbarn interpretiert werden kann. Es stellt sich heraus, daß das Taumeln der gestörten Mode näherungsweise durch das Zusammenwirken von direkt benachbarten ungestörten Moden mit einem Phasenunterschied von 90° zustande kommt. Di Moden-Interferenz hängt stark vom spektralen Abstand der beteiligten Moden ab. Dies deutet auf die Möglichkeit hin, die Empfindlichkeit des Gerätes durch geeignete Beeinflussung des Schwingungsspektrums des Rohres, z. B. über eine Änderung der Geometrie, zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Summary Coriolis flowmeters are essentially fluid conveying pipe segments excited to transversal oscillation. Thereby the precise form of the oscillation modes depends on the mass flow rate $$\dot Q_M $$ of the fluid. For usual flow rates the modes deviate only slightly from those without flow ( $$\dot Q_M $$ = 0); they can be viewed as small perturbations of those modes. In the paper it is shown that the perturbation of a given oscillation mode of the pipe segment by the fluid flow, which manifests itself as a slight tumbling of the pipe segment, can be interpreted as a mixing of this (working) mode with its (spectral) neighbours. The tumbling in the perturbed mode comes out thereby roughly as an interplay of neighbouring unperturbed modes, with a phase difference of 90°. The mode interference depends strongly on the distance of the involved modes. This suggests a way to increase the sensitivity of the instrument by appropriately influencing the vibration spectrum of the pipe segment, e.g. through change of its geometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 10 (1990), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A laser Doppler anemometer with a laser diode as the light source, has several advantages: i.e., low power consumption, compactness, and low cost. In order to be fully benefitted by these favorable characteristics, the measurement uncertainty, associated with wavefront distortion in the measuring volume, should be minimized. Furthermore, proper attention should be given to system misalignment caused by external perturbations, such as thermal expansion of the diode-collimator assembly. These considerations lead to a computational procedure for optimizing the layout of the semiconductor LDA system. Calculations are based on a generalized relation for fringe non-uniformity combined with a simulation model for the anemometry system. For this purpose, the optical field of a laser diode is described satisfactorily as a product of a Gaussian and a truncated Lorentzian distribution. The influence of various design parameters is examined by means of an extensive computational study as well as experimental evaluation involving precise scanning of the measuring volume. The performance is improved by employing a small focal length collimator and a large focal length front lens. For measurement of turbulence intensities smaller than 1%, it may become necessary to collect the signals in the side scatter and to use a frequency-domain signal processor. For such an application, temperature control may also be necessary, but it should be applied to the entire diode-collimator assembly and not just to the laser diode as suggested in previous publications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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