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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skin testing of the pruritogenic activity of histamine and cytokines (interleukin-2 and tumour necrosis factor-α) at the dermal–epidermal junction (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 137 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cytokines have been proposed as histamine-independent itch mediators. To investigate this hypothesis, single doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2, 10MU/mL) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α, 10 μg/mL) were delivered to the epidermis of 10 healthy volunteers with a controlled skin-prick model; 1% histamine and solvent controls were included in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Itch ratings (computerized visual analogue scale) were obtained every 20s for 15 min and cutaneous reactions (weal, flare and temperature) were measured. Reactions were also recorded after 2, 24 and 48 h. The mean itch ratings were: histamine 35·5, IL-2 3·3 (both P〈0·01 compared with control), TNF-α 1.6 and solvent control 1.75 (not significant). Weal and flare occurred only with histamine. In two volunteers, an inflammatory papule with transient pruritus developed 12–18 h after applying IL-2. In conclusion, IL-2 showed a rapid, low pruritogenic effect, which may be followed by an inflammatory response. TNF-α induced no itching in this setting. Skin-prick testing with appropriate doses of potential pruritogens provides a safe and sensitive model for further chemoreceptor studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.18601953.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gramineae pollen as trigger factors of atopic eczema: evaluation of diagnostic measures using the atopy patch test (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 137 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: After contact with grass pollen, seasonal exacerbations of eczematous skin lesions have been described in a subgroup of patients with atopic eczema (AE). Epicutaneous patch testing with aeroallergens (atopy patch test, APT) has been used to investigate these patients. We performed comparative APT in 79 patients with AE and 20 control subjects (14 non-atopic volunteers and six patients with grass pollen allergic rhinoconjunctivitis). Subjects were tested with grass pollen allergen extract in petrolatum and with unprocessed native dry pollen of Dactylis glomerata. Results after 48 h were compared with the patient's history, corresponding skin prick test and specific IgE. Fifteen of the 79 AE patients showed clear-cut eczematous reactions to unprocessed D. glomerata pollen; 14 of these had an elevated serum IgE to D. glomerata and 13 had a positive skin prick test. Twenty patients had a positive APT reaction to grass pollen allergen extract, including 12 of the D. glomerata reactive subjects (P 〈 0.001). Positive patch test reactions to D. glomerata were seen in 66.7% of cases with and 10.5% of patients without a predictive history of exacerbations during the pollen season. For the standardized extract, these percentages were 75% vs. 16.4% (P 〈 0.001). No side-effects were observed. Control subjects showed no positive reactions. We conclude that grass pollen preparations may be used to investigate trigger factors for eczematous skin lesions in a subgroup of patients with AE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.18061889.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The atopy patch test: an increased rate of reactivity in patients who have an air-exposed pattern of atopic eczema (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 135 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a subgroup of patients with atopic eczema (AE), eczematous skin lesions can he induced by epicutaneous testing with aeroallergens (the atopy patch test: APT). An increased frequency of positive APT has been found in AK patients showing a predictive lesional pattern affecting air-exposed skin areas. This study investigates the dose-response ofthe APT in two dilTerent patient groups with AE. Petrolatum preparations of house dust mite, cat dander and grass pollen allergens in four concentrations (500–10,000) protein nitrogen imits) were tested epicutaneously in 57 patients with AE. who were prospectively divided in two groups according to whether their AE pattern was with (group I) or without (group II) a predictive distribution. Sixty-nine per cent of patients in group I. and 39% in group II. had positive APT reactions (P = 0.02). The reactions in group I were elicitable with lower allergen concentrations (P = 0.03). A clinically recognizable subgroup of patients with AE showed increased cutaneous sensitivity to aeroallergens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01144.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Eppendorfer Juckreizfragebogen (1997)
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 48 (1997), S. 730-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Juckreiz ; Multidimensionaler Fragebogen ; Key words Itch ; Questionnaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In dermatological practice, itch is the leading symptom of many skin diseases with a variety of psychophysiological aspects. However, a complete inventory for the qualitative evaluation of these central nervous factors is missing, whereas in pain research, the McGill Pain Questionnaire is well established for this purpose. Thus, therapeutic effects of antipruritic agents are only incompletely described by visual analog scales or parameters of skin physiology. Here, a questionnaire modified in analogy to the McGill pain questionnaire is presented, developed in cooperation between dermatologists and neurophysiologists.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Juckreiz stellt in der dermatologischen Praxis ein führendes Symptom mit vielen psychophysiologischen Facetten dar. Dennoch fehlt – im Vergleich zur Schmerzforschung, in der der McGill Pain Questionnaire inzwischen eine wichtige Routinefunktion hat – ein vollständiges Inventar zur qualitativen Erfassung dieser zentralnervösen Aspekte. So sind z.B. therapeutische Wirkungen nur unvollständig an Visual-analog-Skalen oder hautphysiologischen Parametern validierbar. In Ergänzung zu diesen Verfahren wird hier ein multidimensionaler Fragebogen als modifiziertes Analogon zum McGill Questionnaire vorgestellt, der in Zusammenarbeit von Hautklinik und Neurophysiologie entwickelt wurde.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001050050651
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlations between histamine-induced wheal, flare and itch (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 288 (1996), S. 436-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Histamine itch ; Wheal ; Flare ; Skin prick ; Iontophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Correlations between the skin reactions wheal and flare and the subjectively reported degree of itch were investigated in response to 1% histamine, intradermally applied by standardized skin prick and by iontophoresis. Experiments were performed with 15 male volunteers using a threefold repeated measures design (skin prick, and iontophoresis with 0.13 mA for 10 s and with 2.0 mA for 10 s). Skin reactions (perpendicular diameters) were determined at the time of their maximum (10 min). Itch was rated on a computerized visual analogue scale which was anchored upon the individual scratch threshold. Most effective in producing itch was the skin prick which caused strong sensations markedly above the scratch threshold during the entire period of measurement (30 min), whereas iontophoresis induced only transient itch sensations. On the other hand, the largest wheals were generated by iontophoresis of both intensities (mean 10 or 14 mm vs 6 mm with skin prick). The higher current induced higher itch, wheal and flare responses, but after eliminating this effect of stimulus intensity, no correlations were found. In contrast, skin prick-induced flare reactions varied with the degree of itch above the scratch threshold ( r = 0.56; P 〈 0.01). Repeated measurements showed a higher stability for the itch reaction with skin prick compared with iontophoresis. It is hypothesized that in iontophoresis the brief (10-s) histamine bolus passed the most superficial pruritoceptive C fibres too quickly to induce long-lasting itch sensations, whereas the skin prick caused a deposit at the dermal-epidermal junction releasing histamine during the entire time of measurement. Consequently, both the C fibre-mediated itch and the axon reflex flare were more pronounced with the skin prick, and the wheal resulting from a permeability increase in the postcapillary venule walls was an independent phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004030050079
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