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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 102 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 781 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 99 (1995), S. 13976-13983 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @classical quarterly 47 (1997), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 0009-8388
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Classical Studies
    Notes: Constantine, the first Christian Emperor, bequeathed war against Persia to his son Constantius, a legacy which haunted the next two decades, culminating in Julian′s debacle in 363. Much has been written on the timing, motives, and strategy of these campaigns but the same role model appears at their beginning and end: Alexander the Great. Here, I wish to re-examine the evidence for his presence: recent scholarship has minimized it at one end and maximized at the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 51 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Twenty children (six female), median age 24 months (range 12–156) who presented for application of a plaster jacket for scoliosis were studied pre-operatively with pulse oximetry overnight and on the first postoperative night. Pre-operatively the median (range) arterial oxygen saturation was 97 (95–98)%, although eight children had short episodes of desaturation to 〈90%. Postoperatively the median saturation was unchanged, and nine children had short episodes of desaturation. Neither the presence of episodes of desaturation pre-operatively, nor the median or lowest saturation recorded were predictors of postoperative median saturation or the presence of episodes of desaturation. Despite the presumed reduction in chest wall compliance, the application of a plaster jacket for scoliosis in these young children was not associated with a significant change in their oxygenation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 7 (1995), S. 1082-1094 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A model for the effect of scalar spectral relaxation on the scalar dissipation rate of an inert, passive scalar (Sc≥1) in fully developed homogeneous turbulence is presented. In the model, wave-number space is divided into a finite number [the total number depending on the turbulence Reynolds number Reλ and the Schmidt number (Sc)] of intermediate stages whose time constants are determined from the velocity spectrum. The model accounts for the evolution of the scalar spectrum from an arbitrary initial shape to its fully developed form and its effect on the scalar dissipation rate for finite Reλ and Sc≥1. Corrsin's result [AIChE J. 10, 870 (1964)] for the scalar mixing time is attained for large Reλ in the presence of a constant mean scalar gradient and a stationary, isotropic turbulence field. Comparisons with DNS results for stationary, isotropic turbulence and experimental data for decaying, homogeneous grid turbulence demonstrate the satisfactory performance of the model. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 9 (1997), S. 2364-2386 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Lagrangian pdf methods are employed to extend the spectral relaxation (SR) model of the scalar dissipation of an inert, passive scalar (1≤Sc) in homogeneous turbulence. The Lagrangian spectral relaxation (LSR) model divides wavenumber space into a finite number (the total number depending on the Taylor-scale Reynolds number Rλ and the Schmidt number Sc) of wavenumber bands whose time constants are determined from the mean turbulent kinetic energy and instantaneous turbulent energy dissipation rate. The LSR model accounts for the evolution of the scalar spectrum (viz., pdf) from an arbitrary initial shape to its fully developed form. The effect of turbulent-frequency fluctuations on the instantaneous scalar dissipation rate following a Kolmogorov-scale fluid particle is incorporated into the LSR model through a Lagrangian pdf model for the turbulent frequency. Model results are compared with DNS data for passive scalar mixing in stationary, isotropic turbulence. Two distinct causes of non-Gaussian scalar statistics are investigated: small-scale intermittency due to scalar-dissipation fluctuations at scales near the Kolmogorov scale, and transient large-scale inhomogeneities due to the form of the initial scalar spectrum at scales near the integral scale. Despite the absence of fitting parameters, the LSR model shows satisfactory agreement with available DNS data for both types of flows. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 2678-2691 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Scalar mixing models are required to model turbulent molecular mixing in full probability density function (pdf) simulations of turbulent reacting flows. Despite the existence of direct numerical simulation (DNS) data suggesting the contrary, most scalar mixing models assume that molecular mixing is independent of the instantaneous velocity, i.e., 〈D∇2φ|V,ψ〉=〈D∇2φ|ψ〉. Since in a joint velocity, composition pdf calculation the velocity is known, this assumption is unnecessary and leads to a lack of local isotropy in the scalar field. Moreover, since velocity conditioning offers a numerically tractable approach for including the effects of local anisotropy and mean velocity gradients on scalar mixing, it should be of considerable interest for the numerical simulation of scalar mixing in inhomogeneous turbulent flows. An efficient numerical implementation of velocity-conditioned scalar mixing for full pdf simulations is proposed and verified against DNS data for homogeneous turbulence (isotropic and shear flow) with a uniform mean scalar gradient. A second-moment closure relating the velocity-conditioned scalar dissipation to the scalar fluxes and Reynolds stresses that is exact in the limit of a joint Gaussian pdf is also derived for use with moment closure models. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 11 (1999), S. 1550-1571 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Lagrangian spectral relaxation (LSR) model is extended to treat turbulent mixing of two passive scalars (φα and φβ) with different molecular diffusivity coefficients (i.e., differential-diffusion effects). Because of the multiscale description employed in the LSR model, the scale dependence of differential-diffusion effects is described explicitly, including the generation of scalar decorrelation at small scales and its backscatter to large scales. The model is validated against DNS data for differential diffusion of Gaussian scalars in forced, isotropic turbulence at four values of the turbulence Reynolds number (Rλ=38, 90, 160, and 230) with and without uniform mean scalar gradients. The explicit Reynolds and Schmidt number dependencies of the model parameters allows for the determination of the Re (integral-scale Reynolds number) and Sc (Schmidt number) scaling of the scalar difference z=φα−φβ. For example, its variance is shown to scale like 〈z2〉∼Re−0.3. The rate of backscatter (βD) from the diffusive scales towards the large scales is found to be the key parameter in the model. In particular, it is shown that βD must be an increasing function of the Schmidt number for Sc≤1 in order to predict the correct scalar-to-mechanical time-scale ratios, and the correct long-time scalar decorrelation rate in the absence of uniform mean scalar gradients. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Myelographie ; Postpunktionelles Syndrom ; Nadelspitze ; Iotrolan ; Key words Myelography ; adverse effects ; Iotrolan ; Spinal puncture instrumentation ; Needle-stick injuries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: Myelography in combination with a postmyelography CT is an important presurgical examination because of its excellent visualisation of the disc, the bone and the contrast-filled dura. Side effects after myelography can be observed in up to 50 % of patients. The pathophysiological mechanism is thought to be increased cerebrospinal fluid leakage at the puncture site. Since the introduction by Sprotte in 1979 of the pencil-point needle, a modification of Whitacre's needle, fewer complaints after lumbar puncture have been reported. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of two types of needle points and the temperature (37 °C vs 21 °C) of the contrast medium (CM; iotrolan, Isovist) on the incidence of side effects of lumbar puncture for myelography. Material and methods: In a prospective randomized trial the incidence of complaints after lumbar puncture with intrathecal CM application was evaluated by the use of a 21-G pencil-point needle as modified by Sprotte compared to our usual 22-G needle with a Quincke bevel. Some 412 patients (201 female, 211 male; mean age 54.05 ± 7.4 years) were investigated. Directly after examination and 1, 3 and 5 days later the patients were questioned about complaints (headache, neck stiffness nausea, vomiting, buzzing in the ear and dizziness). The results were tested by the chi square test. Results: A significantly lower incidence of complaints was seen after lumbar puncture with the pencil-point needle/Quincke needle (headache: 6.3 %/18.9 %, P 〈 0.0001; headache lasting 3 days: 0.5 %/7.8 %, P 〈 0.0001; headache lasting 5 days: 0 %/2.4 %, P = 0.0305; nausea: 0 %/4.9 %, P = 0.0009; vomiting: 0 %/4.9 %, P = 0.0009; dizziness: 0 %/3.4 %, P = 0.0074; neck stiffness: 0 %/3.4 %, P = 0.0074). The temperature of the CM had no influence on the complaints. No influence was seen on the quality of the myelogram. No relation to sex and age was found. Conclusion: Complaints after lumbar puncture and myelography are caused by the cerebrospinal fluid leakage at the puncture site. The incidence of side effects related to this leakage can be reduced by using a pencil-point needle. The temperature of the CM has no influence on the complaints.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Myelographie zusammen mit der Postmyelographie-CT ist eine wichtige Untersuchungsmethode in der präoperativen Diagnostik. Bei nahezu der Hälfte der Patienten können postpunktionelle Beschwerden bis zu einem Postmyelographie-Syndrom (PMS) auftreten. Pathophysiologisch kann dies durch ein Punktionsleck mit anschließendem Liquorverlust erklärt werden. Ziel der Studie ist es, den Einfluß zweier Nadeltypen (21 G Nadel nach Sprotte vs 22 G Nadel nach Quincke) auf die Inzidenz postpunktioneller Beschwerden zu überprüfen. In einer prospektiven randomisierten Studie wurden bei 412 Patienten nach lumbaler intrathekaler Kontrastmittelapplikation (Iotrolan, Fa. Schering) die Häufigkeit des PMS und postpunktioneller Nebenwirkungen in Abhängigkeit vom verwendeten Nadeltyp untersucht. Die Häufigkeit postpunktioneller Beschwerden nach lumbaler Punktion mit der bleistiftförmigen Nadel nach Sprotte im Vergleich zur geschliffenen Nadel nach Quincke lag deutlich niedriger (Kopfschmerzen: 6,3 % vs 18,9 %, p 〈 0,0001; Kofschmerzen für mindestens drei Tage: 0,5 % vs 7,8 %, p 〈 0,0001; Kopfschmerzen für mindestens 5 Tage: 0 % vs 2,4 %, p = 0,0305; Übelkeit: 0 % vs 4,9 %, p = 0,0009; Erbrechen: 0 % vs 4,9 %, p = 0,0009; Schwindel: 0 % vs 3,4 %, p = 0,0074; Nackensteife: 0 % vs 3,4 %, p = 0,0074; PMS: 0 % vs 3,4 %, p = 0,0074). Die Temperatur des Kontrastmittels beeinflußte die postmyelographischen Beschwerden nicht. Schlußfolgerung: Die Inzidenz des PMS und postpunktioneller Beschwerden kann durch den Einsatz einer „atraumatischen“Nadel nach Sprotte deutlich gesenkt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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