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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 287-288 (Aug. 1998), p. 339-342 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on reflected high-energy electron-diffraction and transmission electron microscopy plane-view investigation of the dislocation structure in doped and undoped ZnSe/GaAs(001) grown by molecular-beam epitaxy and metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy. The thicknesses of the investigated layers vary between 60 and 900 nm. Several stages of dislocation formation are found which occur at distinct layer thicknesses. Frank partial dislocations (up to 500 nm), Shockley partial dislocations (between 130 and 400 nm) with a maximum density at 300 nm, and perfect 60° dislocations (above 300 nm) are observed in samples with perfectly smooth surface. The formation of Shockley partial dislocations is strongly anisotropic which might be due to the higher mobility of α-type dislocations. An increased roughness of the growing surface yields a suppression of Shockley partial dislocations and an irregular dislocation network with dislocations inclined to the 〈110〉 directions. A regular dislocation network with straight dislocations is found in Cl-doped samples. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 1556-1558 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal outdiffusion of hydrogen from undoped ZnSe layers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy has been investigated. The samples were grown using dimethyl-zinc-triethylamine, di-tert.-butylselenide as precursors with hydrogen and nitrogen as carriergas. The typical atomic hydrogen concentrations of the samples is nH=1018 cm−3, which originates from pyrolysis products of the organometallic precursors. The incorporation from the carrier gas is negligible. Control samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy in the presence of atomic and molecular hydrogen in the growth chamber showed no hydrogen incorporation. The outdiffusion process was investigated using transient effusion experiments. The experiments are explained by diffusion controlled effusion with a diffusion coefficient of D(T)=1.4×10−11 exp[−0.33(±0.03) eV/(kBT)]cm2/s. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 584-586 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Second harmonic generation is investigated in a ZnSe/ZnS0.22Se0.78 waveguide grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy on (001) GaAs substrate. Phase matching is achieved by a first order periodic modulation of the nonlinear susceptibility χ(2) within the waveguide structure. The modulation is generated by a focused ion beam implantation technique, resulting in a well confined damage of the crystalline structure. The observed phase matching wavelengths corresponding to various modulation periods between 1.6 and 1.9 μm agree with those predicted by calculations. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ubiquitous nature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), coupled with a lack of good treatment options, has created the impression that the condition must represent a large drain on health-care resources. The literature certainly appears to support this view but is largely based on patients seen in referral centres (10–15%) and it may not be appropriate to extrapolate these data to the IBS population as a whole (85–90%).In addition to reviewing such literature that exists on the economics of IBS, this paper contains some new data, which suggest that the direct costs of the condition, certainly in the UK, may not be quite as high as has previously been assumed. This may be partly due to factors such as the low cost of the drugs used to treat the condition and the tendency for many patients to stop consulting because of disenchantment with the inadequacies of current therapy. Conversely, the indirect and intangible costs of the disorder appear to be much greater, but these burdens obviously do not have such an impact on those responsible for purchasing and providing health care for IBS sufferers.Paradoxically, if a new, effective therapy for IBS were forthcoming, the situation could change dramatically, especially if it involved a new drug. Any such agent would inevitably be more expensive than anything available today, leading to a potentially dramatic escalation in the direct costs of this disorder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We describe the development and evaluation of a new disease-specific instrument, the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life Questionnaire (IBSQOL), which was designed for use in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. The IBSQOL measures 10 domains found to be relevant to patients with irritable bowel syndrome: emotional health, mental health, health belief, sleep, energy, physical functioning, diet, social role, physical role, and sexual relations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:During its development and evaluation, the IBSQOL was administered to over 500 patients with irritable bowel syndrome—two groups of patients from tertiary care centres, three focus groups of 8–12 patients each, and 287 patients in a national irritable bowel syndrome support network. As a control, the IBSQOL was also administered to 37 patients who did not have irritable bowel syndrome but had other gastrointestinal disorders. Statistical analyses to test the reliability and validity of the IBSQOL were performed using Cronbach's α coefficient.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Responses from the focus groups indicated that the IBSQOL was easy to complete and did not require too much time to fill out (≈ 25 min). Statistical analyses of the final 30-item version of the IBSQOL demonstrated that it had both adequate validity and reliability (α ≥ 0.60). A comparison of mean IBSQOL scores of persons with and without irritable bowel syndrome (but with other gastrointestinal conditions) showed no difference between the two groups with irritable bowel syndrome; however, scores for both irritable bowel syndrome groups were considerably lower than for the non-irritable bowel syndrome group, suggesting better health-related quality of life in patients who do not have irritable bowel syndrome. This further demonstrated the validity of the IBSQOL in targeting questions and domains specific to patients with irritable bowel syndrome.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions:Evaluation of the IBSQOL included testing the questionnaire in a large number of patients, which resulted in a revised and well-constructed instrument that demonstrated both adequate validity and reliability. The IBSQOL is currently being used in large-scale clinical trials to measure changes in quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome following treatment intervention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), we evaluated the relationship between patient-rated severity of IBS and patients' physical and psychological symptoms, health care resource use and quality of life.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:One hundred and twenty-six patients diagnosed with IBS were administered a series of questionnaires, including the Bowel Symptom Checklist, the Symptom Checklist-90 R (a psychological symptom checklist), the IBSQOL (a disease-specific quality of life instrument), the SF-36 (a general health status instrument), and a health resource utilization assessment that measured health care use, time loss from work, impact on productivity, and days worked with symptoms.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:No relationship was found between IBS severity and gastrointestinal symptoms, except for a feeling of unpassed stool. IBS severity was also not related to psychological symptom severity. Direct traditional indicators of resource use (e.g. physician visits, hospital admissions and emergency room visits) were not significantly associated by severity level; however, indirect measures of resource use (e.g. number of days with pain, productivity and number of bed days) were related to severity. Quality of life was clearly associated with perceived IBS severity. Patients who rated themselves as very severe reported the lowest scores and had the poorest health for all quality of life dimensions measured.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions:These findings suggest that perceived IBS severity is defined by the limitations the disease imposes, rather than by the symptoms. Patients with reduced productivity and decreased functioning for most of the quality of life indicators were those who rated their IBS as very severe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 378 (1995), S. 242-243 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - HIV sequence data are accumulating at an ever-increasing pace. To maintain this information as a useful resource, it is imperative that viral sequence sets are carefully screened for problematic sequences before publication. Sources of error include sample mislabelling, viral culture ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 43 (1998), S. 2715-2718 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME ; SYMPTOMS ; FREQUENCY ; DURATION ; SEVERITY
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined symptom frequency, duration, andseverity, as well as episode patterns, in 122 adultpatients with irritable bowel syndrome in a 12-weekstudy conducted in the United States, the UnitedKingdom, and The Netherlands. Patients used aninteractive telephone data entry system daily to reportsymptoms. Data from 59 of the patients meeting inclusioncriteria are presented, the remainder having beenexcluded for failing to complete at least 70 days ofsymptom reporting. The majority of patients experiencedat least one symptom on over 50% of the reported days;however, individual symptoms were reported on less than 50% of the days, indicating that symptomssometimes occurred sequentially rather than alwayssimultaneously. On average, patients reportedpain/discomfort on 33% of days, bloating on 28% of thedays, altered stool form or stool passage on 25% and18% of the days, respectively, and mucus on 7% of thedays. The duration of symptoms was relatively short,with pain/discomfort and bloating lasting the longest, an average of five days each per episode. Allsymptoms but one (mucus) were moderately severe on themajority of reported days. Patients experienced an“episode” (defined as a period of days withsymptoms bounded by one or more symptom-free days) on anaverage of 12.4 times during the study, but the durationof these episodes varied greatly among patients. Theseresults further establish the chronic nature of irritable bowel syndrome and the burden thatthis condition imposes on patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 695-704 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; decomposition ; kinetics ; modulated temperature ; thermogravimetry ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique, called modulated thermogravimetry, is introduced as a tool for obtaining continuous kinetic information for decomposition and volatilization reactions. The approach makes use of an oscillatory temperature program to obtain kinetic parameters during a mass loss. MTGA™ may be used under quasi-isothermal conditions to observe a single mass loss or may be combined with linear heating rate or Hi-Res™ controlled rate thermogravimetry to scan from one mass loss region to another. Results obtained are in agreement with those obtained by other kinetic methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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