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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 54 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The background of this study is the finding of several studies that the frequency of respiratory allergies was significantly higher in the former West Germany than the former East Germany. The present study investigated the levels of allergens of house-dust mite (Der p 1 and Der f 1), cat (Fel d 1), and cockroach (Bla g 2) in the household dust of 201 homes in Hamburg (West Germany) and 204 homes in Erfurt (East Germany), and examined the factors that affect these levels. The characteristics of homes were assessed by a questionnaire. The allergen levels were studied in dust from living rooms (LR), bedrooms (BR), and mattresses (MA). We detected in samples from Hamburg significantly higher allergen concentrations than in Erfurt: three times higher Der p 1, five times higher Der f 1, and three times higher Fel d 1. For Bla g 2, no comparison was possible because the concentrations were below the detection limit in 93% of the samples. Most of the differences could be explained by differences in housing and living characteristics between both cities. The mean ratio of Der p 1 levels in mattress dust between Hamburg and Erfurt decreased from 4.1 to 1.54 (NS) after adjustment for season, building material, age of the house, story of the dwelling, type of heating, age of carpet/mattress, presence of dogs, and indoor climate (temperature, humidity). The mean ratio of Der f 1 levels decreased from 6.9 to 2.78 (P〈0.05) after adjustment for these factors. The mean ratio for Fel d 1 in mattress dust decreased fom 4.03 to 1.65 (P〈0.05) after adjustment for season, building material, story of dwelling, size of dwelling, ventilation, cleaning routines, and pets. A similar reduction was seen for floor dust (LR plus BR). Our results indicate that the differences between the concentrations of mite and cat allergens found in Hamburg and Erfurt are explicable mainly, but not completely, by different building characteristics (age of houses, building material, story, and size of the dwelling) which affected the indoor climate, as well as by differences in other individual living habits (keeping of pets, age of carpets or mattresses, and cleaning routines).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recent studies have found a higher prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic sensitization among adults living in eastern than those living in western Germany. We hypothesize that prevalence rates were similar before Germany was divided and diverged after the division. Because there are no historical data comparing atopic status between the two parts of Germany, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the prevalence of atopy among persons who were born during different decades. As part of the EC Respiratory Health Survey, a respiratory health questionnaire was mailed to a population-based sample of 8363 subjects aged 20–44 years from a city in the former West Germany (Hamburg) and a city in the former East Germany (Erfurt). Of the target population. 6428 (77%) subjects responded. Subsamples of 731 subjects from Erfurt and 1159 subjects from Hamburg participated in medical examinations, including skin prick tests and specific IgE measurements. Prevalence rates of allergic sensitization were similar in Hamburg and Erfurt for those born in the periods 1946–51 and 1952–61. respectively, but differed between Hamburg and Erfurt subjects born in the period 1962–71. After adjustment for several potential predictors, the younger subjects from Hamburg had a higher odds ratio (OR) of sensitization than those Hamburg subjects born before 1952 (skin prick test reactivity: OR 2.06. any specific IgE 〉 0.35 kU/1: OR 1.61). The younger subjects from Erfurt were not more frequently sensitized than the older subjects (skin prick test reactivity: OR 1.05. any specific IgE 〉 0.35 kU/1: OR 0.79). No single allergen could be identified as responsible for the observed difference. We conclude that factors related to a “Western lifestyle”, which were prevalent in the West German city during the 1960s and i970s. may be responsible for the higher prevalence of allergic sensitization observed in Hamburg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archiv der Mathematik 64 (1995), S. 188-198 
    ISSN: 1420-8938
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Key words Contrast sensitivity • Crazy lens • Glare • Goldmann visual field • Mesopic vision • Print-lens • Soft contact lens ; Schlüsselwörter Blendung • Crazy Lens®• Goldmann-Gesichtsfeld • Kontrastsehen • Dämmerungssehen • Printlinsen • Weiche Kontaktlinse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Hintergrund: Printlinsen werden nicht nur zu medizinischen, sondern auch zu kosmetischen Zwecken als motivtragende Linsen hergestellt. Ziel der Studie ist es, den Einfluß dieser Linsen auf das Sehvermögen zu untersuchen. Material und Methode: Probanden mit einem Visus von mindestens 1,0 trugen in wechselnder Reihenfolge eine klare Weichlinse sowie eine motivtragende Printlinse (Crazy Lens®, Bach Optik, Köln). Folgenden Sehfunktionen wurden untersucht: Sehschärfe, Kontrastsensitivität für Tages- und Nachtsehen mit und ohne Blendung (MCT 8000, VisTech Cons., Dayton, Ohio), Goldmann-Gesichtsfeld, Dämmerungssehen mit und ohne Blendung (Nyktometer, Rodenstock, München) sowie der subjektive Tragekomfort auf einer Skala von 1 (sehr gut) bis 10 (sehr schlecht). Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit dem Wilcoxon-Test für verbundene Stichproben sowie dem Mann-Whitney-U-Test. Ergebnisse: Es wurden 9 Probanden (4 Männer, 5 Frauen) mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 29,9 ± 5,6 Jahren untersucht. Das Tragen von Crazy Lenses® im Vergleich zu klaren Weichlinsen führte zu einer Reduktion der Sehschärfe von 1,2 ± 0,1 auf 0,9 ± 0,2, zu einer Reduktion des Dämmerungssehen ohne Blendung von 1:2,5 auf 1:7,4 sowie einer Einengung des Gesichtsfeldes für die Prüfmarken III/4, I/4 und I/3. Weiterhin fand sich eine reduzierte Kontrastsensitivität unter photopischen Bedingungen (mit und ohne Blendung) sowie noch deutlicher unter skotopischen Bedingungen ohne Blendung; mit Blendung war die Kontrastsensitivität jedoch für hohe Ortsfrequenzen besser. Das Tragen von Crazy Lenses® wurde signifikant schlechter toleriert (2,8 ± 1,4) als das Tragen von klaren, weichen Kontaktlinsen (5,7 ± 2,1). Schlußfolgerung: Insbesondere bei Nacht kann die Benutzung einer motivtragenden Printlinse, vor allem bei nicht-kontaktlinsengewöhnten Personen, zu einer Reduktion des Sehvermögens führen, was beim Führen von Verkehrsmittel beachtet werden sollte.
    Notes: Background: Contact lenses which change the structure and color of the iris are used not only for many therapeutic situations but also for cosmetic reasons. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether such lenses cause impairment of visual functions. Material and methods: In healthy volunteers with an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 a clear soft-fitting lens and a special effect soft contact lens (Crazy lens, Bach Optic, Cologne) were tested in changing sequence. The following parameters were studied: visual acuity, contrast sensitivity (MCT 8000, VisTech Cons., Dayton, Ohio), Goldmann visual field, mesopic vision (Nyktometer, Rodenstock, Munich), and subjective wear comfort on a scale from 1 (excellent) to 10 (poor). Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: Nine volunteers with a mean age of 29.9 ± 5.1 years were analyzed. Visual acuity was reduced to 0.9 ± 0.23 in the Crazy lens group compared to 1.2 ± 0.13 in the clear lens group. Mesopic vision without glare was reduced from 1:2.5 to 1:7.4. Goldmann visual field displayed a significant constriction of following isopters: III/4, I/4, and I/3. Contrast sensitivity was significantly reduced in a photopic condition with and without glare and in a scotopic condition without glare; there was, however, an increase in contrast sensitivity in a scotopic condition with glare. Furthermore a decrease in wear comfort from 2.8 ± 1.4 with the clear fitting lens to 5.7 ± 2.1 with the print-lens was found. Conclusion: The tested special-effect contact lenses are associated with a reduction of many visual functions, including visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. This may interfere in some wearers with the ability to drive a car.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; Wiegeprotokolle ; Lebensmittelverzehr ; Supplemente ; Nährstoffquellen ; neue Bundesländer ; Dietary survey ; weighted record ; food consumption ; supplements ; sources of nutrient intake, East Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A dietary survey using 3-day weighed records was carried out in the sample of the third MONICA risk-factor-survey in the Thuringian city of Erfurt (former East Germany) in 1991/92 consisting of 1 118 men and 1 179 women aged 20–65 years. Mean daily food intake, the contribution of food groups to nutrient intake and the percentage of participants using supplements are shown here. For instance, men have a mean daily intake of meat and meat products of 199 g, delivering 20.7 % of energy, 31.8 % of fat and 42.7 % of cholesterol. In women 18.6 % of energy, 26.8 % of fat and 37.2 % of cholesterol origine from their mean daily intake of 130 g meat and meat products. Women in older age groups consume distinctly more meat than women in younger age groups. 0.4 % of men and 2.6 % of women use supplements during their three recording days.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der dritten MONICA Querschnittsstudie in der Stadt Erfurt 1991/92 wurde an einer Stichprobe von 1 118 Männern und 1 179 Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 64 Jahren eine Ernährungserhebung mit offenen 3-Tage-Wiegeprotokollen durchgeführt. Hier wird der mittlere tägliche Lebensmittelverzehr, der Beitrag der Lebensmittel zur Nährstoffzufuhr und der Anteil der Personen, die Supplemente einnehmen, dargestellt. Beispielsweise verzehren Männer täglich im Mittel 199 g Fleisch und Fleischerzeugnisse, die 20,7 % der Energie, 31,8 % des Fettes und 42,7 % des Cholesterins liefern. Bei den Frauen stammen 18,6 % der Energie, 26,8 % des Fettes und 37,2 % des Cholesterins aus dem mittleren täglichen Verzehr von 130 g Fleisch und Fleischerzeugnissen. Ältere Frauen verzehren deutlich mehr Fleisch als jüngere Frauen. 0,4 % der Männer und 2,6 % der Frauen nehmen während der drei Protokolltage Supplemente ein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; Protokollmethode ; Nährstoffzufuhr ; Vergleich mit Empfehlungen ; neue Bundesländer ; Dietary survey ; weighted record ; nutrient intake ; comparison with guidelines ; eastern Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A dietary survey using weighted 3-day-records was carried out in the sample of the third MONICA risk-factor survey in the Thuringian city of Erfurt (eastern Germany) in 1991/92. The aim was to collect detailed intake data in a defined population after the first phase of consolidation on the food market after the German reunification. The dietary sample consisted of 1 118 men and 1 179 women aged 20–64 years; we received 469 acceptable records from men and 333 from women. The German national nutrient datafile BLS (version 2.1) was used to code the records and for the transformation into nutrients. Mean energy intake in men was 2 624 kcal per day, 15.3 % came from protein, 40.0 % from fat, 38.5 % from carbohydrates and 6.0 % from alcohol. Corresponding figures for women were 1 916 kcal per day, 15.8 %, 40.5 %, 41.5 % and 2.1 %. Only a small percentage of participants achieved the recommendations of the German Society for Nutrition for the intake of selected nutrients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der dritten MONICA Querschnittsstudie in der Stadt Erfurt wurde 1991/92 an einer Stichprobe von 1 118 Männern und 1 179 Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 64 Jahren eine Ernährungserhebung mit offenen 3-Tage-Wiegeprotokollen durchgeführt. Ziel war es u.a., Daten zur Nährstoffzufuhr einer definierten Bevölkerung nach der ersten Phase der Konsolidierung des Lebensmittelmarktes kurz nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung zu erheben. Von 469 Männern und 333 Frauen konnten Protokolle ausgewertet werden. Zur Kodierung und Transformation in Nährstoffe wurde die Nährwertdatenbank BLS (Version 2.1) verwendet. Die Energiezufuhr beträgt bei den Männern 2 624 kcal pro Tag, davon stammen 15,3 % aus Protein, 40,0 % aus Fett, 38,5 % aus Kohlenhydraten und 6,0 % aus Alkohol. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Frauen sind 1 916 kcal pro Tag, 15,8 %, 40,5 %, 41,5 % und 2,1 %. Nur ein geringer Anteil der Teilnehmer und Teilnehmerinnen erfüllte die Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung für die Zufuhr ausgewählter Nährstoffe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft 37 (1998), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 0044-264X
    Keywords: Key words Dietary survey – Smoking – Dietary intake – East Germany ; Schlüsselwörter Ernährungserhebung – Rauchen – Ernährung – Ostdeutschland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die 1991/92 mittels Wiegeprotokoll-Methode über 3 Tage in Erfurt erhobenen Daten von 422 Männern und 315 Frauen im Alter zwischen 20 und 64 Jahren analysiert. Der Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel, Version 2.1, wurde zur Kodierung der Lebensmittel und zur Berechnung der Inhaltsstoffe herangezogen. Die Darstellung der Ergebnisse erfolgte mittels altersstandardisierter Mittelwerte. Nichtraucher beiderlei Geschlechts verzehrten z.B. mehr frisches Obst (m: 166 g vs. 119 g, p=0,0001; w: 180 g vs. 147 g, p=0,0009), mehr Milch und Milchprodukte (m: 195 g vs. 121 g, p=0,0108; w: 176 g vs. 136 g, p=0,0004) und tranken weniger Kaffee (m: 401 g vs. 457 g, p=0,0103; w: 387 g vs. 491 g, p=0,0003) als Raucher. Als Folge nahmen Raucher beispielsweise weniger Ballaststoffe sowie wenige ausgewählter Vitamine und Mineralstoffe auf. Diese Ergebnisse aus einer ostdeutschen Population entsprechen denen anderer industrialisierter westlicher Länder.
    Notes: Summary Data relating to 422 men and 315 women aged 20 to 64 years were collected in 1991/92 using 3-day weighed records. The national German food composition file BLS 2.1 was used for food coding and calculation of nutrients. Age adjusted mean daily intakes were presented. Food intake habits of smokers and non-smokers showed distinct differences: for instance, non-smokers of both genders ate more fresh fruit (m: 166 g vs. 119 g, p=0.0001; f: 180 g vs. 147 g, p=0.0009), more milk and milk products (m: 195 g vs. 121 g, p=0.0108; f: 176 g vs. 136 g, p=0.0004), and drank less coffee (m: 401 g vs. 457 g, p=0.0103; f: 387 g vs. 491 g, p=0.0003). As a result, intakes of various nutrients also differed. For example, smokers had lower intakes of fibre, selected vitamins, and minerals. The tendency toward an unhealthier dietary pattern in smokers was in accordance with findings from various industrialized Western countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychotherapeut 43 (1998), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 0935-6185
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Psychotherapeutische Versorgung ; Psychosomatische Rehabilitation ; Qualitätssicherung ; Berufsrolle ; Key words Psychotherapeutical care ; Psychosomatic rehabilitation ; Quality assurance ; Role of the physician
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In Germany inpatient psychotherapy generally takes place in special psychosomatic hospitals. Their aims are often not clear, just as their place in the whole system of medical care. Although most of them are rehabilitation hospitals from a juridical point of view, they are many times defined as specialised hospitals which do not differentiate between treatment and rehabilitation. This lack of clear definition leads to a number of structural conflicts which largely influence the staff’s scope of action and the therapeutic work. In psychosomatic rehabilitation the doctor is taking over three social roles: the role of physician, the role of psychotherapist and the role of the expert in social medicine towards the social security institution. These social roles can be understood as a complex of behavioral expectations arising from different reference systems (social security-, hospital-, treatment-, patient-system) directed towards the social position of the doctor. Within his social position the doctor is thereby involved into certain conflicts. This article will analyze the described structural problems and try to contribute to further development of the concepts in psychosomatic rehabilitation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit stationärer Psychotherapie erfolgt in Deutschland überwiegend in „Psychosomatischen Fachkliniken”. Deren Zielbestimmung ist oft unklar, wie überhaupt ihre Stellung im Gesamtsystem der gesundheitlichen Versorgung. Obwohl sie von ihrem (juristischen) Status her in der Regel Rehabilitationskliniken sind, verstehen sie sich vielfach als Fachkliniken, in denen zwischen Behandlung und Rehabilitation nicht unterschieden wird. Diese Unklarheiten führen zu mannigfaltigen strukturellen Konflikten, die den Handlungsspielraum der in ihnen Tätigen wesentlich mitbestimmen und die therapeutische Arbeit beeinflussen. Das gilt insbesondere für den Arzt, der in der psychosomatischen Rehabilitation drei soziale Rollen übernimmt: die des Körperarztes, die des Psychotherapeuten und die des sozialmedizinischen Sachverständigen gegenüber der Rentenversicherung. Zwischen diesen sozialen Rollen als einem Komplex von Verhaltenserwartungen aus unterschiedlichen Bezugssystemen (Sozialversicherungs-, Kliniks, Behandlungs-, Patientensystem) an die soziale Position des Arztes kommt es zu bestimmten Konflikten. Dies wird als Beitrag zur konzeptuellen Weiterentwicklung der psychosomatischen Rehabilitation näher analysiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 27 (1998), S. 207-227 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: directional solidification ; multicomponent alloys ; dendritic monocrystals ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element model of dendritic solidification of multicomponent alloys is presented that includes solutal convection and is an extension of a previously developed model for solidification of binary alloys. The model is applied to simulation of the solidification of ternary and quaternary Ni-based alloys. The role of solutal convection in the macrosegregation and the formation of freckles is analysed. Calculations show the effects of geometry and material properties on the convection patterns and the attendant segregation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1455-1473 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: transient loads ; advective-diffusive equations ; Petrov-Galerkin ; Galerkin Leask-Square ; boundary layers ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Petrov-Galerkin formulation based on two different perturbations to the weighting functions is presented. These perturbations stabilize the oscillations that are normally exhibited by the numerical solution of the transient advective-diffusive equation in the vicinity of sharp gradients produced by transient loads and boundary layers. The formulation may be written as a generalization of the Galerkin Least-Square method.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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