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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 67 (1995), S. 88-93 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Trocknungs- und Kraftwirkung von Prallstrahlen auf eine ebene Fläche aus einem Paar von Radialdüsen wird experimentell untersucht und mit einem Axialdüsenpaar verglichen. Die Wiederanlegeringe der Radialdüsenströmung werden mittels der Flüssigkristallthermographie sichtbar gemacht. Die Ergebnisse der Trocknungsversuche werden mittels Sherwoodzahlen dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Strahlkraftmessungen werden durch Kraftbeiwerte dargestellt. Die Einflüsse des Strömungsaustrittswinkels, der Strömungsaustrittsgeschwindigkeit, des horizontalen Düsenabstandes und des vertikalen Abstandes zwischen Düsenmündung und Oberfläche auf den Stoffübergang und auf die Oberflächenkraft werden betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Trocknungsleistung eines Radialdüsenpaares mit einem zur Oberfläche gerichteten Abströmwinkel von 10° um 18% über der des entsprechenden Axialdüsenpaares liegt. Die Oberflächenkraft von radialen Prallstrahlen wird durch den Strömungsaustrittwinkel beeinflußt. Globale Druckkräfte sind typisch für Strahlen, die in Richtung der Oberfläche austreten, während globale Saugkräfte bei Strahlen auftreten, die zunächst von der Oberfläche weggelenkt werden. Radialdüsen haben ein hohes Anwendungspotential bei mechanisch nur gering beanspruchbaren Gütern, wenn hohe Trocknungsraten und/oder geringe Saugkräfte von Interesse sind.
    Notes: Abstract The drying performance and the forces generated by a pair of radial jets impinging on a plane surface are studied experimentally and compared with a pair of in-line (axial) jets. The reattachment rings of the radial jets are visualized by liquid-crystal-thermography. The results of the drying experiments are presented in terms of Sherwoodnumbers. The results of the surface force measurements are presented in terms of force coefficients. The effects of flow exit angle, exit velocity, horizontal nozzle spacing and vertical nozzle to surface distance on mass transfer and net surface force are discussed. Results show that drying performance of a pair of radial jets with an exit angle towards the surface of 10° is 18% higher than that of a pair of in-line jets. The surface force of impinging radial jets depends on the exit angle. A global pressure force on the surface is typical for jets directed towards the surface, while a global lifting force is found when the jet is initially directed away from the surface. Radial jets have a high potential in drying applications for force sensitive products and when high drying rates and/or small suction forces are of interest. 〈 ATL LANGUAGE="DE"〉Trocknungswirkung und Oberflächenkraft eines Radialdüsenpaares
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung  Strömung und Wärmeübergang werden üblicherweise durch dimensionslose Kennzahlen beschrieben, die repräsentative oder mittlere Werte von Stoffeigenschaften enthalten. Diese Beschreibung ist unzureichend oder versagt, – wenn Stoffeigenschaften in dem betrachteten physikalischen Gebiet stark variieren, – wenn viele Stoffeigenschaften Strömung und Wärmeübergang beeinflussen, z.B. für Wärmetransport mit Phasenübergang, wie Verdampfung und Kondensation, und viele Kennzahlen notwendig sind, um die Bedingungen physikalischer Ähnlichkeit zu beschreiben, oder – bei unbekannten Stoffeigenschaften. Für diese Fälle wird das Konzept der erweiterten thermodynamischen Ähnlichkeit (extended themodynamic similarity ETS) vorgeschlagen, um aus Messungen oder numerischen Simulationen für bekannte Fluide Strömung und Wärmeübergang in beliebigen Fluiden vorauszusagen. Die ETS dehnt das Prinzip der übereinstimmenden Zustände auf andere Stoffeigenschaften als Zustandseigenschaften und auf Prozeßgrößen aus, die von Stoffeigenschaften abhängen, wie die Wärmestromdichte. Die ETS berücksichtigt nichtähnliche fluidspezifische Eigenschaften, charakterisiert durch dimensionslose, fluidspezifische Parameter. Für Betrachtungen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der ETS werden physikalische Größen durch fluidspezifische Eigenmaßstäbe skaliert, welche kritische Daten oder Potenzprodukte aus kritischen Daten, universellen Konstanten und Molmasse sind. Skalierte, dimensionslose Größen werden mit reduzierten Zustandseigenschaften und fluidspezifischen Parametern korreliert, um verallgemeinerbare Beziehungen zu erhalten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Werte der kritischen Wärmestromdichte beim Sieden, die aus der Gleichung von Zuber und Kutadeladze ermittelt wurden, mit fluidspezifischen Parametern korreliert. Eine Korrelation mit nur einem fluidspezifischen Parameter, der die Verdampfungsenthalpie charakterisiert, gibt die Gleichung von Zuber und Kutadeladze mit einer Standardabweichung von nur 4.2% wieder. Die Korrelation läßt sich auch auf Fluide anwenden, für die Stoffdaten jener Gleichung nicht bekannt sind. Die Korrelation wurde durch Berücksichtigung der Druckabhängigkeit nach Gorenflo erweitert und gibt dann Meßwerte der kritischen Wärmestromdichte von verschiedenen Autoren mit einer Standardabweichung von 24% wieder.
    Notes: Abstract  Flow and convective heat transfer are conventionally described by nondimensional numbers to reduce the amount of variables and to identify physically similar conditions. The description by nondimensional numbers based on representative values of fluid properties may fail or be difficult to handle, if properties vary strongly in the physical domain considered, if flow and heat transfer depend on many fluid-properties, e.g. for heat transfer with phase transition, or if fluid properties are not known. For such cases the concept of extended thermodynamic similarity (ETS) is suggested to predict flow and heat transfer phenomena in arbitrary fluids from measurements or numerical simulations for representative fluids. (ETS) applies the principle of corresponding states to other fluid properties than properties of state and to physical quantities depending on fluid properties, but takes into account for nonsimilar, fluid-specific features characterized by nondimensional fluid-specific parameters. For ETS-considerations physical quantities are scaled by critical data or by fluid-specific scaling units being power products of critical data, universal constants and molar mass. Scaled quantities are correlated with reduced properties of state and fluid-specific parameters. In the present study the ETS concept is used to correlate data of boiling critical heat flux obtained from the Zuber-and-Kutadeladze equation with fluid-specific parameters for various fluids. A correlation of only one fluid specific parameter, the vapor-pressure parameter , is sufficient to predict critical heat flux values for the reference state with a standard deviation of only 4.2%. The correlation is expected to be valid for other fluids, of which the fluid are poorly known. The same correlation modified by introducing a function of reduced pressure represents experimental data with a standard deviation of only 24%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 1285-1289 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Peripheral contrast ; Enhanced MR angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Magnetic resonance angiography has taken a huge step forward since the introduction of contrast-enhanced MR angiography using gadolinium chelates. The more conventional MR angiographic techniques, such as time-of-flight and phase-contrast MR angiography, have been ousted by contrast-enhanced MR angiography in most vascular areas. However, in imaging the lower extremities, the major obstacle is the length of the vascular tree. In order to cover the entire peripheral vasculature, at least two to three fields of view are required. Using contrast-enhanced MR angiography, the best results are obtained if the vessels of interest are imaged during passage of a bolus of contrast material. Vessel-to-background contrast in subsequent acquisitions using subsequent injections of contrast material is hampered by recirculation and leakage of previously injected gadolinium, enhancing both the venous system and surrounding tissue. To overcome this problem several research groups have come up with various solutions. The three main strategies employed can be classified as either bolus catch, bolus chase, or bolus track techniques. The purpose of this article is to explain working mechanisms of the three bolus imaging strategies for imaging both inflow and outflow vessels of the lower extremities, to show their advantages and disadvantages, and to review results described in the literature in imaging patients using these techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 9 (1999), S. 1765-1774 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Peripheral occlusive vascular disease ; Peripheral MR angiography ; Time-of-flight MRA ; Contrast-enhanced MRA ; Gadolinium chelates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Atherosclerotic disease of the lower extremities is a common disorder in western society. Its debilitating nature calls for accurate diagnosis and treatment. The gold standard for diagnosing this disease by depiction of vessel morphology is X-ray angiography (either conventional or digital subtraction angiography). However, the invasive nature of this technique and the possible harmful effects of iodinated contrast agents have led to the idea that non-invasive MR angiography might be a good alternative for acquiring information about vessel morphology. Most extensively studied was time-of-flight MR angiography. Although first results with this technique were encouraging, it is now apparent that time-of-flight MR angiography is hampered by the virtue of which it exists, since blood flow not only generates vessel-to-background contrast, but is also the cause of disturbing artifacts. However, with the introduction of minimally invasive contrast-enhanced MR angiography, using gadolinium chelates to reduce the T1 of blood, image quality has improved dramatically. Moreover, using contrast-enhanced MR angiography, high-resolution three-dimensional data about the entire peripheral vascular tree can be obtained within several minutes, which might make MR angiography a true competitor of X-ray angiography as a diagnostic tool in the clinical work-up of a patient with complaints of peripheral atherosclerosis. The purpose of this article is to explain working mechanisms and usefulness of both time-of-flight and contrast-enhanced MR angiography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 30 (1995), S. 313-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Trocknungs-und Kraftwirkung von Prallstrahlen auf eine ebene Fläche aus einem Paar von Radialdüsen wird experimentell untersucht und mit einem Axialdüsenpaar verglichen. Die Wiederanglegering der Radialdüsenströmung werden mittels der Flüssigkristallthermographie sichtbar gemacht. Die Ergebnisse der Trocknungsversuche werden mittels Sherwoodzahlen dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Strahlkraftmessungen werden durch Kraftbeiwerte dargestellt. Die Einflüsse des Strömungsaustrittswinkels, der Strömungsaustrittsgeschwindigkeit, des horizontalen Düsenabstandes und des vertikalen Abstandes zwischen Düsenmündung und Oberfläche auf den Stoffübergang und auf die Oberflächenkraft werden betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Trocknungsleistung eines Radialdüsenpaares mit einem zur Oberfläche gerichteten Abströmwinkel von 10° um 18% über der des entsprechenden Axialdüsenpaares liegt. Die Oberflächenkraft von radialen Prallstrahlen wird durch den Strömungsaustrittwinkel beeinflußt. Globale Druckkräfte sind typisch für Strahlen, die in Richtung der Oberfläche austreten, während globale Saugkräfte bei Strahlen auftreten, die zunächst von der Oberfläche weggelenkt werden. Radialdüsen haben ein hohes Anwendungspotential bei mechanisch nur gering beanspruchbaren Gütern, wenn hohe Trocknungsraten und/oder geringe Saugkräfte von Interesse sind.
    Notes: Abstract The drying performance and the forces generated by a pair of radial jets impinging on a plane surface are studied experimentally and compared with a pair of in-line (axial) jets. The reattachment rings of the radial jets are visualized by liquid-crystal-thermography. The results of the drying experiments are presented in terms of Sherwoodnumbers. The results of the surface force measurements are presented in terms of force coefficients. The effects of flow exit angle, exit velocity, horizontal nozzle spacing and vertical nozzle to surface distance on mass transfer and net surface force are discussed. Results show that drying performance of a pair of radial jets with an exit angle towards the surface of 10° is 18% higher than that of a pair of in-line jets. The surface force of impinging radial jets depends on the exit angle. A global pressure force on the surface is typical for jets directed towards the surface, while a global lifting force is found when the jet is initially directed away from the surface. Radial jets have a high potential in drying applications for force sensitive products and when high drying rates and/or small suction forces are of interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 319 (1996), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: habitat models ; trout biomass ; streams ; New Mexico ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy of two trout biomass (standing stock) prediction models, developed for Wyoming streams by Binns & Eiserman (1979), was evaluated for New Mexico streams inhabited by brown trout, Salmo trutta L. and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Thirty-two representative sites in 15 different streams were sampled under summer low-flow conditions in 1988 and 1989. The 11 phyiscal, chemical, and biological variables used in original models were used as independent variables for simple and multiple regression analysis designed to predict total trout biomass. Model I of Binns and Eiserman proved to be of limited utility; it explained 53% of the variation in total trout biomass at each of the New Mexico sites (kg ha−1 = 8.916 + 0.830/Model U). Only 9.5% of the biomass variations was explained by Model II. Statistical analysis showed that trout biomass was significantly correlated with nitrate-nitrogen concentration and macroinvertebrate diversity in Model I. Because both variates are time consuming to estimate, Model I may not be any more cost-effective than sampling trout directly. The low predictive power of Model II probably indicates that it is limited to the geographical area of field measurement origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Ru(II) complexes ; energy gap law ; alcohols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The excited state of Ru(II)[bpy]3 2+ dissolved in hydroxylic solvents is subject to specific solvent effects, which were hitherto not understood on a quantitative basis. We determined the solvent effects of linear monovalent alcohols on the energy gap law of internal conversion with the help of lifetime and intensity measurements. An on-line method for measurement of the temperature dependence of quantum efficiencies was introduced. A modified Franck-Condon analysis of emission spectra by taking into account the shape of a Morse potential of the involved states was applied to compute excited-state energies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Flow, turbulence and combustion 56 (1996), S. 113-143 
    ISSN: 1573-1987
    Keywords: liquid crystal thermography ; color image processing ; hue-to-temperature—calibration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This study presents a color-image-processing procedure for non-intrusive local temperature measurements by thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs). The image evaluation software is completely independent of the color detection and acquisition hardware. This allows to use a wide variety of hardware solutions. An easy reproducible calibration of camera and light source is presented. The dependence of the detected hue values on intensity is investigated and further the hueversus temperature relation is studied. Sprayable TLC formulations and TLC-coated polyester sheets are studied and compared with regard to their signal-to-noise ratio and the dependence of their hue values on illumination and viewing angle. Furthermore, a method to investigate the hue resolution is presented. The relation between the resolution of hue values and the illumination intensity and its influence on signal noise is discussed for the first time for TLC applications. Different techniques of signal noise reduction are implemented in the image processing system. Their effects on the signal noise level are discussed. As an example the two dimensional temperature distribution caused by wing-type vortex generators in a channel flow is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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