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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced postischemic expression of a glial glutamate transporter, GLT1, in the rat hippocampus (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 103 (1995), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Ischemia ; Glial glutamate transporter ; In situ hybridization ; Immunoblotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Perturbations of the synaptic handling of glutamate have been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain damage after transient ischemia. Notably, the ischemic episode is associated with an increased extracellular level of glutamate and an impaired metabolism of this amino acid in glial cells. Glutamate uptake is reduced during ischemia due to breakdown of the electrochemical ion gradients across neuronal and glial membranes. We have investigated, in the rat hippocampus, whether an ischemic event additionally causes a reduced expression of the glial glutamate transporter GLT1 (Pines et al. 1992) in the postischemic phase. Quantitative immunoblotting, using antibodies recognizing GLT1, revealed a 20% decrease in the hippocampal contents of the transporter protein, 6 h after an ischemic period lasting 20 min induced by four vessel occlusion. In situ hybridization histochemistry with 35S labelled oligonucleotide probes or digoxigenin labelled riboprobes directed to GLT1 mRNA showed a decreased signal in the hippocampus, particularly in CA1. This reduction was more pronounced at 3 h than at 24 h after the ischemic event. We conclude that the levels of GLT1 mRNA and protein show a modest decrease in the postischemic phase. This could contribute to the delayed neuronal death typically seen in the hippocampal formation after transient ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241964
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Down-regulation of Glial Glutamate Transporters after Glutamatergic Denervation in the Rat Brain (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 7 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Membrane-localized transporter proteins, expressed in both neurons and glial cells, are responsible for removal of extracellular glutamate in the mammalian CNS. The amounts and activities of these transporters may be under regulatory control. We demonstrate here that cortical lesions, which decrease striatal glutamate uptake in synaptosome-containing homogenates by ∼50%, also decrease the striatal concentrations of the astrocytic glutamate transporter proteins, GLT-1 and GLAST by ∼20–30%. Since GABA uptake activity was not decreased and glial fibrillary acidic protein was increased in the same samples, the lesion-induced losses of GLT-1 and GLAST were not caused by a general impairment of neuronal or glial function. The observed reduction in the two astrocytic glutamate transporters after corticostriatal nerve terminal degeneration indicates that their levels of expression are dependent on glutamatergic innervation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00626.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Torsional oscillator magnetometer for high magnetic fields (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 4161-4166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have designed and constructed a torsional oscillator magnetometer for use in magnetic fields up to 25 T. The anisotropic component of the magnetization is detected by measuring the shift in the resonant frequency of the oscillator, which is fabricated from a single-crystal silicon wafer using micromachining techniques. The frequencies for the oscillators described here are between 100 Hz and 1 kHz and can be measured with a resolution of order 1 part in 108 in a 10 s averaging time, allowing for the detection of magnetic moments of 2×10−11 J/T at 1 T. Our oscillators are optimized for experiments on GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructures, but the method is suitable for any sample with an anisotropic susceptibility. We have applied the technique to two systems, a quasi-one-dimensional spin chain and a two-dimensional electron gas. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147562
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic properties of the spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic ladder under magnetic field (1999)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 7 (1999), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions - 75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Specific heat (CV) measurements in the spin-1/2 Cu2(C2H12N2)2Cl4 system under a magnetic field up to H =8.25 T are reported and compared to the results of numerical calculations based on the 2-leg antiferromagnetic Heisenberg ladder. While the temperature dependences of both the susceptibility and the low-field specific heat are accurately reproduced by this model, deviations are observed above the critical field HC1 at which the spin gap closes. In this Quantum High Field phase, the contribution of the low-energy quantum fluctuations are stronger than in the Heisenberg ladder model. We argue that this enhancement can be attributed to dynamical lattice fluctuations. Finally, we show that such a Heisenberg ladder, for H 〉 H C1, is unstable, when coupled to the 3D lattice, against a lattice distortion. These results provide an alternative explanation for the observed low temperature ( K-0.8 K) phase (previously interpreted as a 3D magnetic ordering) as a new type of incommensurate gapped state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050600
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Essential drugs for cancer therapy: A World Health Organization consultation (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of oncology 10 (1999), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1569-8041
    Keywords: chemotherapy ; drugs ; generics ; prioritization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The WHO has previously produced recommendations on the essential drugs required for cancer therapy. Over the last five years several new anti cancer drugs have been aggressively marketed. Most of these are costly and produce only limited benefits. We have divided currently available anti-cancer drugs into three priority groups. Curable cancers and those cancers where the cost-benefit ratio clearly favours drug treatment can be managed appropriately with regimens based on only 17 drugs. All of these are available, at relatively low cost, as generic preparations. The wide availability of these drugs should be the first priority. The second group of drugs may have some advantages in certain clinical situations. Based on current evidence, drugs in the third group are judged as currently not essential for the effective delivery of cancer care. Adequate supportive care programmes with the widespread availability of effective drugs for pain control are of considerably greater importance. The adoption of these priorities will help to optimise the effectiveness and efficiency of chemotherapy and ensure equitable access to essential drugs especially in low resource environments. Clearly this paper represents the views of its contributors. The WHO welcomes feedback from all oncologists so that the advice it gives to governments in prioritising the procurement of anti cancer drugs can be as comprehensive as possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008367822016
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