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  • 1995-1999  (6)
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Material
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isokinetic muscle strength and hiking performance in elite sailors (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to describe the isokinetic strength profile and its relation to hiking performance in male (Sm, n=15) and fmale (Sf, n=6) elite sailors compared to a group of male control subjects (Cm, n=8) similar in age, anthropometry and level of fitness. Eccentric knee extension strength was higher in Sm compared to Cm. (P〈0.01). Furthermore, Sm were stronger during trunk extension (P 〈 0.05), but not during trunk flexion compared to CM. Overall muscle strength was lower in SF compared to SM (P 〈 0.01) and CM (P 〈 0.05), except for eccentric knee extension strength, where SF and CM did not differ (P 〉 0.05). Hiking performance correlated to maximal eccentric and isometric knee extensor strength in SF (rs= 0.83–0.88, P 〈 0.05) and in CM (rs= 0.73-0.77, P 〈 0.05) and to maximal eccentric knee extensor strength at high velocity in SM (rs= 0.46-0.54, P 〈 0.05). For a subgroup of hikers in SM (n= 8), hiking peformance correlated to maximal isometric-eccentric knee extensor strength (rs=0.67-0.74, P〈0.05), whereas no correlations emerged for the non-hikers (n=7). Few correlations were observed between hiking performance and maximal concentric trunk flexor strength (rs=0.69-0.92, P 〈 0.05). Unexpectedly, in SM correlations also were observed between hiking performance and maximal strength of the trunk extensors (rs=0.46-0.53, hike subgroup: rs=0.64-0.67, P 〈 0.05). In conclusion, notably high levels of maximal eccentric knee extesor strength were observed for the male and female elite sailors examined in the present study. Furthermore, the present results suggest that hiking performance depends in part on maximal isometric-eccentric knee extensor strength. The maximal strength of the trunk extensors, which potentially stabilizes the lower back and spine, also seems to have some importance for the hiking performance of top-level sailors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00183.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic stress relaxation during static stretch in human skeletal muscle in the absence of EMG activity (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The present study sought to investigate the role of EMG activity during passive static stretch. EMG and passive resistance were measured during static stretching of human skeletal muscle in eight neurologically intact control subjects and six spinal cord-injured (SCI) subjects with complete motor loss. Resistance to stretch offered by the hamstring muscles during passive knee extension was defined as passive torque (Nm). The knee was passively extended at 5o/s to a predetermined final position, where it remained stationary for 90 s (static phase) while force and integrated EMG of the hamstring muscle were recorded. EMG was sampled for frequency domain analysis in a second stretch maneuver in five control and three SCI subjects. There was a decline in passive torque in the 90-s static phase for both control and SCI subjects, P〈0.05. Although peak passive torque was greater in control subjects, P〈0.05, there was no difference in time-dependent passive torque response between control (33%) and SCI (38%) subjects. Initial and final 5-s IEMG ranged from 1.8 to 3.4 μ V.s and did not change during a stretch or differ between control and SCI subjects. Frequency domain analysis yielded similar results in both groups, with an equal energy distribution in all harmonics, indicative of ‘white noise’. The present data demonstrate that no measurable EMG activity was detected in either group during the static stretch maneuver. Therefore, the decline in resistance to static stretch was a viscoelastic stress relaxation response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00101.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of supervised rehabilitation on strength, postural sway, position sense and re-injury risk after acute ankle ligament sprain (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The effect of an early rehabilitation program, including postural training, on ankle joint function after an ankle ligament sprain was investigated prospectively. Ninety-two subjects, matched for age, sex, and level of sports activity, were randomized to a control or training group. All subject received the same standard information regarding early ankle mobilization. In addition, the training group participated in supervised physical therapy rehabilitation (1 h. twice weekly) with emphasis on balance training. Postural sway, position sense and isometric ankle strength were measured 6 weeks and 4 months after the injury, and at 12 months re-injury data were obtained. In the training group, there was a significant difference between the injured and uninjured side for plantar flexion (P〈0.01), eversion (P〈0.01) and inversion (P〈0.05), but not for dorsiflexion at 6 weeks. In the control group, there was a significant difference between the injured and uninjured side for plantar flexion (P〈0.01), eversion (P〈0.01), inversion (P〈0.01), and dorsiflexion (P〈0.05) at 6 weeks. Postural sway, but not position sense, differed between the injured and uninjured side in both groups (P〈0.01) at 6 weeks. The side-to-side percent differences were similar in both groups for all variables (P〉0.05) at 6 weeks, and there were no side-to-side differences at 4 months in either group. In the control group, 11/38 (29%) suffered a re-injury. while this number was only 2/29 (7%)) in the training group (P〈0.05). These data showed that an ankle injury resulted in reduced ankle strength and postural control at 6 weeks, but that these variables had normalized at 4 months, independent of the supervised rehabilitation. However, the findings also demonstrated that supervised rehabilitation may reduce the number of re-injuries, and therefore may play a role in injury prevention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00217.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of musculoskeletal flexibility: viscoelastic properties, cross-sectional area, EMG and stretch tolerance (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 7 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Cross-sectional area, stiffness, viscoelastic stress relaxation, stretch tolerance and EMG activity of the human hamstring muscle group were examined in endurance-trained athletes with varying flexibility. Subjects were defined as tight (n=10) or normal (n=8) based on a clinical toe-touch test. Cross-sectional area was computed from magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) images. Torque (Nm) offered by the hamstring muscle group, electromyographic (EMG) activity, knee joint angle and velocity were continuously monitored during two standardized stretch protocols. Protocol 1 consisted of a slow stretch at 0.087 rad/s (dynamic phase) to a pre-determined final angle followed by a 90-s static phase. In the dynamic phase final angle and stiffness was lower in tight (28.0±2.9 Nm/rad) than normal subjects (54.9±6.5 Nm/rad), P〈0.01. In the static phase tight subjects had lower peak (15.4±1.8 Nm) and final torque (10.8±1.6 Nm) than normal subjects (31.6±4.1 Nm, 24.1±3.7 Nm, respectively)(P〈0.01), but torque decline was similar. Protocol 2 consisted of a slow stretch to the point of pain and here tight subjects reached a lower maximal angle, torque, stiffness and energy than normal subjects (P〈0.01). On the other hand, stiffness was greater in tight subjects in the common range (P〈0.01). Cross-sectional area of the hamstring muscles and EMG activity during the stretch did not differ between the groups. However, lateral hamstring cross-sectional area was positively related to mid-range stiffness (P〈0.05), but inversely related to final stiffness, peak torque and the toe-touch test (P〈0.01). Final angle and peak torque in protocol 1 combined to improve the predictability of the toe-touch test (R2=0.77, P〈0.001). These data show that the toe-touch test (R2=0.77, P〈0.001). These data show that the toe-touch test is largely a measure of hamstring flexibility. Further, subjects with a restricted joint range of movement on a clinical toe-touch test have stiffer hamstring muscles and a lower stretch tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00139.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic response to repeated static stretching in the human hamstring muscle (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 5 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the reproducibility of a new method of measuring passive resistance to stretch in the human hamstring muscle group, in vivo, using a test re-test protocol and 2) to examine the effect of repeated stretches. Passive resistance offered by the hamstring muscle group during knee extension was measured in 10 subjects as knee flexion moment (Nm) using a KinCom dynamometer. The knee was passively extended at 5 deg/s to the final position where it remained stationary for 90 s (static phase). EMG of the hamstring muscle was also measured. The test re-test protocol included 2 tests (tests 1 and 2) administered 1 h apart. On a separate occasion 5 consecutive static stretches were administered (stretches 1–5) separted by 30 s. Stretch 6 was administered one hour after stretch 5. In the static phase passive resistance did not differ between test 1 and test 2. Resistance declined in both tests 1 and 2, whereas EMG activity remained unchanged. The decline in resistance was significant up to 45 s. For the repeated stretches there was an effect of time (90 s) and stretch (1–5) with a significant interaction i.e., resistance diminished with stretches, and the 90-s decline was less as more stretches were performed. Passive resistance in stretch 6 was lower than in stretch 1. The present study has demonstrated a reliable method for studying resistance to stretch of the human hamstring muscle group. A viscoelastic response of the human hamstring muscle was shown. With 5 repeated stretches, resistance to stretch diminished and each stretch exibited a viscoelastic response, albeit less with each subsequent stretch. The effect of 5 repeated stretches was significant 1 h later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00056.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Despite limited scientific knowledge, stretching of human skeletal muscle to improve flexibility is a widespread practice among althletes. This article reviews recent findings regarding passive properties of the hamstring muscle group during stretch based on a model that was developed which could synchronously and continuously measure passive hamstring resistance and electromyographic activity, while the velocity and angle of stretch was controlled. Resistance to stretch was defined as passive torque (Nm) offered by the hamstring muscle group during passive knee extension using an isokinetic dynamometer with a modified thigh pad. To simulate a clinical static stretch, the knee was passively extended to a pre-determined final position (0.0875 rad/s, dynamic phase) where it remained stationary for 90s (static phase). Alternatively, the knee was extended to the point of discomfort (stretch tolerance). From the torque-angle curve of the dynamic phase of the static stretch, and in the stretch tolerance protocol, passive energy and stiffness were calculated. Torque decline in the static phase was considered to represent viscoelastis stress relaxation. Using the model, studies were conducted which demonstrated that a single static stretch resulted in a 30% viscoelastic stress relaxation. With repeated stretches muscle stiffness declined, but returned to baseline values within 1 h. Long-term stretching (3 weeks) increased joint range of motion as a result of a change in stretch tolerance rather than in the passive properties. Strength training resulted in increased muscle stiffness, which was unaffected by daily stretching. The effectiveness of different stretching tecniques was attributed to a change in strech tolerance rather than passive properties. Inflexible and older subjects have increased muscle stiffness, but a lower stretch tolerance compared to subjects with normal flexiblity and younger subjects, respectively. Although far from all questions regarding the passive properties of humans skeletal muscle have been answered in these studies, the measurement technique permited skeletal muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00171.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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