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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Paraquat ; Tungsten ; Xanthine oxidase ; Intoxication ; Flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the in vivo effect of paraquat on the cell cycle in rat liver and lung tissues and the protective effect of tungsten (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor) on paraquat toxicity. The bromodeoxy- uridine/propidium iodide double-staining method and flow cytometry were used for cell cycle assessment. Wistar rats were fed a standard diet or a tungsten-enriched diet were injected intravenously with 20 mg/kg paraquat, while uninjected rats served as controls. At 1, 3, and 5 days after paraquat injection, the liver and lungs were removed for examination following in vivo labeling with 20 mg/kg bromo- deoxyuridine for 1 h. Liver and lung cells were isolated and incubated with an anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibody and with propidium iodide for DNA staining. Flow cytometry showed that the S-phase cell populations in the liver and lungs of paraquat-injected rats fed a standard diet were increased markedly on days 1 and 3 after injection compared with the control levels. However, on day 5 the liver cells had nearly returned to normal, while the S-phase population remained high in the lungs. In contrast, the S-phase cell populations of liver and lung tissue showed no increase after paraquat injection in rats fed a tungsten-enriched diet. These findings suggest that paraquat-induced cytotoxicity is more prolonged in the lungs than in the liver. In addition, paraquat toxicity appears to be mediated by xanthine oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors may be useful as an antidote.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Asia Pty. Ltd.
    Nephrology 5 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1797
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 46 (1995), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lignin ; functional polymer ; phenolation ; hydrolysis ; wood refining ; lignocellulosics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An original reaction system (the phase separative reaction system) has been designed for derivatizing native lignins to highly phenolic, functional polymers. This system is composed of a phenol derivative and concentrated acid, which are not miscible at room temperature. The key point of the lignin functionalization process, including the phase separative system, is that lignin and carbohdrates, which are totally different in structures and reactivitie, are modified individually in the different phases: lignin is present in the organic phase and carbohydrates in the aqueous phase. Through the process, lignin was modified selectively at Cα-positions of side chains, the most reactive sites, to give highly phenolic, light-colored, diphenylmethane-type materials which still retained original interunit linkages formed by the dehydrogenative polymerization during the biosynthesis. The carbohydrates were swollen, followed by partial hydrolysis and dissolution in the acid solution, resulting in the perfect decomposition of interpenetrating polymer network structures in the cell wall. Therefore, the functionalization of lignin and the separation of resulting lignin from carbohydrates were quickly achieved at room temperature, independent of wood species. This process would be a powerful tool for estimating strutures and reactivities of lignins as well as the functionalization of lignins, because of the selective structural modifications. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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