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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of chemical & engineering data 40 (1995), S. 895-899 
    ISSN: 1520-5134
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 18 (1996), S. 141-142 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords IRS-2 gene ; microsatellite marker ; radiation hybrid (RH) mapping ; affected sib-pair analysis ; Ashkenazi Jews ; Type II diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) is a substrate of the insulin receptor and mediates the action of the insulin. Disruption of the IRS-2 gene in mice results in peripheral insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It is therefore possible that defects in the IRS-2 gene contribute to Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We have examined the gene for evidence of linkage to Type II diabetes in Ashkenazi Jewish families. Radiation hybrid panel mapping was used to refine the map position of the IRS-2 gene and, in the absence of polymorphic markers within the gene, to identify nearby markers. The IRS-2 gene was placed 23cR from the marker D13S1265 on chromosome 13q34. 200 affected sibpairs were genotyped for three markers across the region. Nonparametric linkage analysis (GENEHUNTER) used with this data found no evidence of excess allele sharing in the IRS-2 gene region. We therefore concluded that variation in the IRS-2 gene is unlikely to contribute to Type II diabetes in this discrete Caucasian population. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 1389–1391]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 48 (1999), S. 236-241 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Paradoxe Luftembolie ; Venöse Luftembolie ; Offenes Foramen ovale ; Systemische Zirkulation ; Hyperbare Oxygenierung ; Key words Venous air embolism ; Paradoxical air embolism ; Pulmonary hypertension ; Patent foramen ovale ; Transpulmonary passage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Paradoxical air embolism may occur with any venous air embolism. Air may either enter the systemic circulation through a patent foramen ovale or through transpulmonary passage of air. While small venous air emboli are mostly well tolerated, even the smallest paradoxical air emboli can have fatal consequences in the systemic circulation. Therapy and prophylaxis of paradoxical air embolism equal those of venous air embolism. This is especially true, since paradoxical air embolism may not become obvious under general anesthesia. More specific therapeutic regiments, such as hyperbaric oxygenation and the infusion of perfluorocarbons, are still in an experimental stage.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Paradoxe Luftembolien können im Rahmen einer jeden venösen Luftembolie auftreten. Dabei gelangt die Luft entweder über ein offenes Foramen ovale in die systemische Zirkulation, oder aber transpulmonal. Während kleine venöse Luftembolien oftmals gut toleriert werden, können schon kleinste paradoxe Embolien fatale Folgen haben. Die Prophylaxe und Therapie der paradoxen Embolie entspricht weitgehend der der venösen Embolie. Dies gilt insbesondere deswegen, weil der paradoxe Anteil einer Luftembolie unter Allgemeinanästhesie nicht sofort erkennbar wird. Spezifischere Therapieansätze stellen die hyperbare Oxygenierung sowie die Infusion von Perfluorokarbonen dar, allerdings befinden sie sich noch im tierexperimentellen Stadium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 45 (1996), S. 1097-1107 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Stickstoffmonoxyd ; Prostazyklin ; Inhalation ; pulmonaler Hypertonus ; ARDS ; Key
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Treatment of pulmonary hypertension is an important issue in intensive care. One therapeutic regimen involves the intravenous administration of prostacyclin (PGI2). This, however, is accompanied by diminished hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, reduced arterial oxygenation, and systemic vasodilation. Thus, its clinical usefulness is limited. However, the inhalation of vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO) or nebulized PGI2 causes a selective pulmonary vasodilation in ventilated alveoli and improved gas exchange, without any systemic vasodilation. It has therefore gained importance for the treatment of pulmonary failure associated with high shunt fractions. However, the inhalation of vasodilators may have adverse effects: in the case of NO, toxic side effects are predominant (MetHb, NOx), whereas in the case of PGI2, technical problems in terms of dosing and administration safety are of major interest. Furthermore, some patients do not respond to the treatment. In some individuals a reduction in pulmonary hypertension can be seen, while others lack even pulmonary vasodilation. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms remain to be investigated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Therapie des pulmonalen Hypertonus ist von großer Bedeutung für die Intensivmedizin. Durch intravenöse Applikation von Vasodilatatoren wie Prostazyklin können zwar die Drücke im pulmonalen Gefäßbett effektiv gesenkt werden, allerdings kommt es zeitgleich zu einer Reduktion der hypoxischen pulmonalen Vasokonstriktion mit konsekutiver Einschränkung des Gasaustauschs sowie zur systemischen Vasodilatation. Die Inhalation von Vasodilatatoren wie Stickstoffmonoxyd (NO) oder Prostazyklin (PGI 2 ) dagegen führt zu einer selektiven Vasodilatation in ventilierten Alveolen mit konsekutiver Verbesserung des Gasaustauschs, ohne daß es bei therapeutischer Dosierung zur systemischen Hypotension kommt. Dies Konzept ist daher auch in der Behandlung der schweren pulmonalen Gasaustauschstörung von Interesse. Doch sind diesen Therapieverfahren Grenzen gesetzt: NO betreffend sind es vor allem toxische Nebenwirkungen (MetHb, Stickoxide), während beim PGI 2 Dosierungs- bzw. Applikationsprobleme im Vordergrund stehen. Sowohl tierexperimentell als auch in der klinischen Anwendung bei Patienten wurden Non-Responder beobachtet, die auf inhaliertes NO oder PGI 2 entweder nur mit einer Reduktion des pulmonalarteriellen Drucks, aber nicht mit einer Veränderung des Gasaustauschs reagieren, oder aber gar keinen Effekt zeigen. Die genauen pathophysiologischen Grundlagen bleiben dabei noch unklar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 925-935 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Infektionsprävention ; Pneumonie ; Risiokofaktoren ; Desinfektion ; Key words Infection prevention and control ; Pneumonia ; Disinfection methods ; Risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The official German guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia were published by the Bundesgesundheitsamt, now called Robert-Koch-Institut, twelve years ago. The recently published official ”guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia” of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are categorized according to scientific evidence. The American guidelines are very detailed and differ in some aspects from the official German guidelines. The purpose of the present paper is to inform the German anaesthesiologist about the official CDC guidelines and to provide a renewed background for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die offiziellen deutschen Richtlinien zur Prävention nosokomialer Pneumonien durch das frühere Bundesgesundheitsamt (jetzt Robert-Koch-Institut) sind mittlerweile 12 Jahre alt. Die kürzlich publizierten offiziellen Empfehlungen der amerikanischen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) beruhen auf vorhandenen wissenschaftlichen Daten und sind daraufhin bezüglich ihrer Wertigkeit kategorisiert. Diese umfassenden Empfehlungen sind wesentlich ausführlicher als die offiziellen deutschen Richtlinien und weisen zu diesen teilweise beträchtliche Unterschiede auf. Mit dieser kurzen Darstellung der amerikanischen Richtlinien soll dem Kliniker für die eigene praktische Tätigkeit bezüglich vieler alltäglicher, aber keineswegs nebensächlicher Probleme eine fundierte Entscheidungshilfe zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Infektionsprävention ; Desinfektion ; Sepsis ; Komplikation ; Risikofaktoren ; Katheterwechsel ; Key words Infection prevention and control ; Disinfection methods ; Equipment Contamination ; Risk factors ; Septicemia ; catheters ; indwelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The official German guidelines for prevention of intravascular-device-associated infections were published by the Bundesgesundheitsamt, now called the Robert-Koch-Institut, 12 years ago. The recently published official „Guidelines for Prevention of Intravascular-Device Associated Infections” of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are categorized according to scientific evidence. The American guidelines are very detailed and differ in some aspects from the offical German guidelines. The purpose of the present paper is to inform the German-speaking anaesthesiologist about the official CDC guidelines and to provide an update on the prevention of intravascular-device-associated infections.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die offiziellen deutschen Richtlinien zur Prävention katheterassoziierter Infektionen durch das frühere Bundesgesundheitsamt (jetzt Robert-Koch-Institut) sind mittlerweile 12 Jahre alt. Die kürzlich publizierten offiziellen Empfehlungen der amerikanischen Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) beruhen auf vorhandenen wissenschaftlichen Daten und sind daraufhin bezüglich ihrer Wertigkeit kategorisiert worden. Diese umfassenden Empfehlungen sind wesentlich ausführlicher als die offiziellen deutschen Richtlinien und weisen zu diesen teilweise beträchtliche Unterschiede auf. Mit dieser kurzen Darstellung der amerikanischen Richtlinien soll dem Kliniker für die eigene praktische Tätigkeit bezüglich vieler alltäglicher, aber keineswegs nebensächlicher Probleme eine fundierte Entscheidungshilfe zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 23 (1997), S. 561-566 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Nitric oxide synthase inhibition ; l-NAME ; Septic shock ; Leukocytopenia ; Hemodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate the effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) on hemodynamics and outcome in leukocytopenic ( 〈 1000/μl) patients with severe septic shock requiring strong vasopressor support. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: Medical intensive care unit. Patients: 10 patients with hematologic malignancies in chemotherapy-induced leukocytopenia with severe septic shock and high-dose vasopressor requirement. Intervention: Continuous intravenous infusion of l-NAME (0.3 mg / kg per hour) for a study period of 24 h with prolongation for up to 96 h according to individual requirements. Measurements and results: Compared to baseline values, an increase in mean arterial pressure (p = 0.0021), systemic vascular resistance (p = 0.0001), and left ventricular stroke work index (p = 0.023) with a concomitant decrease in vasopressor requirement (p 〈 0.05) was observed during the first 24 h of l-NAME treatment. Cardiac output data were unchanged during the study period (p = 0.49). l-NAME was tapered off in five patients who again became responsive to vasopressor medication. Two patients survived the episode of septic shock and vasoactive medication was stopped. Conclusions: The data demonstrate that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase may be beneficial for the treatment of severe septic shock in leukocytopenic patients as indicated by an increase in systemic vascular resistance, mean arterial pressure, and left ventricular stroke work index.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Endotoxaemia ; Sepsis ; Nitric oxide ; Haemoglobin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The present study compared the effects of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition and NO scavenging with haemoglobin in endotoxaemic sheep. Design: 12 sheep were instrumented for chronic study. Six sheep received l G-nitro-arginine-methylester (l-NAME, 2.5 mg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 mg/kg per h), the other 6 sheep received pyridoxalated haemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP, 100 mg/kg bolus followed by a continuous infusion of 20 mg/kg per h). Measurements and results: Haemodynamic and oxygenation parameters were measured in healthy sheep, after infusion of Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (10 ng/kg per min) for 24 h and after infusion of l-NAME or PHP. The infusion of endotoxin resulted in a hypotensive, hyperdynamic circulation. Infusion of l-NAME increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 76.1 ± 4.2 mmHg to normal values of 95.8 ± 5.7 mmHg (p 〈 0.05). PHP increased MAP from 73.0 ± 3.0 to 88.6 ± 4.7 mmHg (p 〈 0.05). This increase in MAP was associated in the l-NAME group with a more prominent drop in cardiac index (from 10.2 ± 0.4 to 7.0 ± 0.5 l · min–1· m–2; p 〈 0.05) than in the PHP group (from 10.7 ± 0.2 to 9.3 ± 0.6 l · min–1· m–2). During the first 90 min of infusion, cardiac index remained lower in the l-NAME group than in the PHP group. The increase in pulmonary vascular resistance was also higher in the l-NAME group. Conclusion: These results suggest, that at the doses used in the experiment, NO scavenging with PHP has smaller effects on cardiac index and pulmonary vascular resistance than NO synthase inhibition with l-NAME. Therefore, the concept of NO scavenging in hyperdynamic sepsis should be further evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 167 (1997), S. 67-77 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Antimicrobial peptides ; Defensins ; Cathelicidins ; Magainins ; Cecropins ; Bacteriocins ; Lantibiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribosomally synthesized peptides with antimicrobial activity are produced by prokaryotes, plants, and a wide variety of animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates. These peptides represent an important defense against micro-organisms. Although the peptides differ greatly in primary structures, they are nearly all cationic and very often amphiphilic, which reflects the fact that many of these peptides kill their target cells by permeabilizing the cell membrane. Moreover, many of these peptides may roughly be placed into one of three groups: (1) those that have a high content of one (or two) amino acid(s), often proline, (2) those that contain intramolecular disulfide bonds, often stabilizing a predominantly β-sheet structure, and (3) those with amphiphilic regions if they assume an α-helical structure. Most known ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides have been identified and characterized during the past 15 years. As a result of these studies, insight has been gained into fundamental aspects of biology and biochemistry such as innate immunity, membrane-protein interactions, and protein modification and secretion. Moreover, it has become evident that these peptides may be developed into useful antimicrobial additives and drugs. This review presents a broad overview of the main types of ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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