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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 43 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . In vitro excystation of Spironucleus muris cysts, purified by sequential sucrose and Percoll gradients from mouse feces, was studied. Three in vitro excystation procedures, used for Giardia, were assessed to determine the most useful method. Excystation was monitored by light microscopy and subsequently characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Spironucleus muris excysted routinely at a level greater than 90% when induced in Hanks’ balanced salt solution containing sodium bicarbonate at pH 2.0 and transferred to Tyrodes’ salt solution as an excystation medium. Similarly, high rates of excystation were recorded after induction of S. muris cysts in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) with sodium bicarbonate and excystation in trypticase-yeast extract-iron medium (TYI medium) or phosphate-buffered saline. A lower rate and percentage of excystation were observed after induction of S. muris cysts in an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2.0) followed by excystation in TYI medium. All excystation methods produced extremely active S. muris trophozoites with normal morphology. Nonexcysting S. muris cysts have a wall composed of an outer fibrous and an inner membranous portion. Following induction, numerous vesicles appeared in the peritrophic space. Excystation began by the cyst wall opening at one pole, and the anterior part of the trophozoite protruding from the cyst wall. The trophozoite emerged progressively from the cyst wall and the empty cyst wall appeared to collapse. Excysted trophozoites exhibited normal morphological features of S. muris trophozoites isolated from the mouse intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 13 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) has been suspected of playing an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, and has become a target for the treatment of these diseases. Open-label, placebo controlled studies have shown that engineered CDP571 and chimeric anti-TNF antibody (cA2) provide a significant benefit in Crohn’s disease. Since these antibodies have to be used repeatedly to maintain remission in inflammatory bowel disease, there is a concern that their use may compromise host defence and produce toxic side-effects.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"âŒȘ〈title type="main"âŒȘMethods:We evaluated the combined use of mouse specific TNFα mab (25 Όg/mouse, Endogen) and pentoxifylline (PF, 100 mg/kg/day, p.o., TNFα release inhibitor) in the DSS (3% dextran sulphate solution) model of mouse colitis. Colitis was induced by the feeding of 3% DSS for three cycles. The study groups were: Group I: single injection of rat anti-mouse IgG, Group II: single injection of TNFα mab, Group III: daily PF for three cycles, Group IV: single injection of TNFα mab + PF for three cycles, Group V: TNFα mab at the beginning of each cycle (three injections) and Group VI: TNFα mab (three injections) + daily PF for three cycles. Daily disease activity (DAI) was measured throughout the study. At the end of each cycle, colon tissue was processed for histology, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and plasma TNFα.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"âŒȘ〈title type="main"âŒȘResults:Mice treated with a single injection of TNFα alone or TNFα mab + PF showed significantly lower DAI, inflammation scores and ulcer index compared with the IgG treated group. Mice treated with TNFα mab + PF had no ulcers. Multiple injections of TNFα mab or TNFα mab + PF showed greater inhibition in DAI and cytokines in the first two cycles. However, in the third cycle, multiple injections of TNFα mab showed adverse proinflammatory effects.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"âŒȘ〈title type="main"âŒȘConclusion:The simultaneous administration of pentoxifylline and TNFα mab may enhance therapeutic outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease and reduce the side-effects associated with the repeated use of TNFα mab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Primary bovine osteoblasts were used to study in-vitro effects of attachment on vinculin assembly in cells cultured on various artificial substrates. Materials coated with fibronectin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well as untreated materials (tissue culture polystyrene and Aclar foils) were chosen to investigate substrate-dependent proliferation during the first 3 days of culture. Proliferation was highest on fibronectin-coated substrates, followed by BSA-coated and untreated substrates. During the first 24 h of cultivation, cell attachment kinetics revealed no significant difference between the various substrates. After 24 h detachment rates obtained by calcium depletion with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were highest on uncoated materials, followed by BSA- and fibronectin-coated substrates. Phase contrast microscopy revealed typical osteoblast morphology after cell adhesion for 24 h. The dynamic attachment process was concomitant with the reassembly of vinculin into streak-like focal contacts clustered on the ventral side of cells. The kinetics of vinculin reassembly were independent of the underlying coating. Thus, fibronectin coating of artificial substrates increased the attachment strength and proliferation rate of osteoblasts. While the reassembly of vinculin in focal contacts seems to be a prerequisite of osteoblast attachment in vitro, it does not seem to have profound effects on the subsequent cell behaviour on artificial substrates. © Chapman & Hall
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of VLSI signal processing systems for signal, image, and video technology 20 (1998), S. 211-218 
    ISSN: 1573-109X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes how the real-time bandwidth of a radial basis neural network (RBNN) can be improved by the use of a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Accelerated performance is gained by moving the time-consuming RBNN exponential calculations from a general purpose processor to a dedicated FPGA that implements an optimized CORDIC-algorithm. The design methodology is presented and illustrated with a speech recognition application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-3771
    Keywords: Key words Polyacid-modified resin ; Hybrid composite ; Deciduous molars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this prospective study, conducted in a dental practice was to evaluate the success rate of a hybrid composite material (TPH-Spectrum; Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) and a polyacid-modified composite resin (Compoglass; Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) in Class II restorations in primary molars after 1 year. A total of 190 restorations (96 with TPH-Spectrum and 94 with Compoglass) were inserted in 52 children. TPH-Spectrum was applied using the total etching technique, whereas Compoglass was inserted without acid etching prior to application of the bonding adhesive. The restorations were assessed according to the Ryge criteria, directly after placement and after 1 year. After 12 months, 6.4% of the Compoglass and 3.1% of the TPH-Spectrum restorations were clinically unacceptable and had to be renewed. The fillings with Compoglass revealed a tendency to lower evaluation scores with respect to color matching, cavosurface discoloration, anatomic form, margin integrity and caries assessment than the restorations with TPH-Spectrum. However, these differences were statistically not significant. The results of the present investigation show that, at least for a period of 1 year, both the hybrid composite TPH-Spectrum and the polyacid-modified composite resin Compoglass are suitable materials for restoration of deciduous molars. However, owing to the fewer treatment steps required for application of a polyacid-modified composite resin, this type of material may be more favorable for restoring primary molars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Gy mouse ; Inorganic phosphate ; Sodium-gradient-dependent phosphate transport ; Brush border membrane ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The X-linkedGy mutation is closely linked, but not allelic, toHyp and is characterized by rickets, hypophosphatemia, decreased renal tubular maximum for phosphate (Pi) reabsorption (TmP) and a specific reduction in renal brush-border membrane (BBM) Na+-Pi cotransport.Gy mice, like their normal littermates, respond to a low-Pi diet with an increase in BBM Na+-Pi cotransport, but fail to show an adaptive increase in TmP. Using an antibody raised against the NH2 terminal peptide of the rat renal-specific Na+-Pi cotransporter (NaPi-2) and a NaPi-2 cDNA probe, we examined the effect of theGy mutation and low-Pi diet (0.03% Pi) on NaPi-2 protein and mRNA abundance. The reduction in BBM Na+-Pi cotransport inGy mice (51 ± 5 % of normal,P 〈 0.05) was associated with a decrease in NaPi-2 protein (46 ± 12% of normal,P 〈 0.05) and mRNA abundance (76 ± 5%,P 〈 0.05). The low-Pi diet elicited a two- to three-fold increase in Na+-Pi cotransport in both normal andGy mice that was accompanied by a large increase in NaPi-2 protein (10.2-fold in normal and 16.9-fold inGy mice) and a modest increase in NaPi-2 mRNA (1.3-fold in both mouse strains,P 〈 0.05). The present data demonstrate that (1) the renal defect in BBM Pi transport inGy mice can be ascribed to a deficit in NaPi-2 protein and mRNA abundance, (2) both normal andGy mice respond to low Pi with an adaptive increase in NaPi-2 protein that exceeds the increase in Na+-Pi cotransport activity and NaPi-2 mRNA, (3) the adaptive increase in NaPi-2 protein and mRNA are not sufficient for the overall increase in TmP following Pi restriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key wordsGy mouse ; Inorganic phosphate ; Sodium-gradient-dependent phosphate transport ; Brush border membrane ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The X-linked Gy mutation is closely linked, but not allelic, to Hyp and is characterized by rickets, hypophosphatemia, decreased renal tubular maximum for phosphate (Pi) reabsorption (TmP) and a specific reduction in renal brush-border membrane (BBM) Na+-Pi cotransport. Gy mice, like their normal littermates, respond to a low-Pi diet with an increase in BBM Na+-Pi cotransport, but fail to show an adaptive increase in Tmp. Using an antibody raised against the NH2 terminal peptide of the rat renal-specific Na+-Pi cotransporter (NaPi-2) and a NaPi-2 cDNA probe, we examined the effect of the Gy mutation and low-Pi diet (0.03% Pi) on NaPi-2 protein and mRNA abundance. The reduction in BBM Na+-Pi cotransport in Gy mice (51 ± 5% of normal, P 〈 0.05) was associated with a decrease in NaPi-2 protein (46 ± 12% of normal, P 〈 0.05) and mRNA abundance (76 ± 5%, P 〈 0.05). The low-Pi diet elicited a two- to three-fold increase in Na+-Pi cotransport in both normal and Gy mice that was accompanied by a large increase in NaPi-2 protein (10.2-fold in normal and 16.9-fold in Gy mice) and a modest increase in NaPi-2 mRNA (1.3-fold in both mouse strains, P 〈 0.05). The present data demonstrate that (1) the renal defect in BBM Pi transport in Gy mice can be ascribed to a deficit in NaPi-2 protein and mRNA abundance, (2) both normal and Gy mice respond to low Pi with an adaptive increase in NaPi-2 protein that exceeds the increase in Na+-Pi cotransport activity and NaPi-2 mRNA, (3) the adaptive increase in NaPi-2 protein and mRNA are not sufficient for the overall increase in TmP following Pi restriction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: SchlĂŒsselwörter Pseudophakie ; Keratoplastik ; SekundĂ€re bullöse Keratopathie ; Fuchs-Dystrophie ; Hinterkammerlinse ; Key words Pseudophakic keratoplasty ; Secondary bullous keratopathy ; Fuchs' dystrophy ; Posterior chamber lens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Penetrating keratoplasties in pseudophakia were added to a group with limited prognosis. This was especially valuable, if iris-supported and anterior chamber intraocular lenses were implanted. Since today mainly posterior chamber lenses are implanted, the question of the long-term prognosis in this type of lens is important. Patients and method: From 1985 to 1994, 62 penetrating keratoplasties in pseudophakic eyes with posterior chamber IOL were performed: group I: decompensated Fuchs dystrophy (26 patients), group II: secondary surgery-related bullous keratopathy (36 patients) exclusively. Minimal follow-up was 18 months, mean age was 73.7 years. Results: The mean follow-up period was 32 months. The mean visual acuity on delivery was 0.11. After 6 months it was 0.23, after 1 year 0.3, after 2 years 0.35 and after 3 years 0.41 without significant differences in either group. Two years after transplantation 52.8% gained a visual acuity (VA) of ≄0.3, after 3 years 58.6% of which 41.1% had a VA of ≄0,5. There was a visual improvement in 83.4%; the mean spherical equivalent was –0.29 D. Refractive errors within 2 D of emmetropia were found in 56.7%; 95.1% of the grafts remained clear. Five patients had a reversible graft rejection. Extracorneal factors of impaired vision were observed in 25 patients. Conclusion: Despite a different VA before surgery, the visual outcome in the two groups was identical. Penetrating keratoplasty in Fuchs dystrophy and secondary bullous keratopathy with posterior chamber IOL have a much better long-term prognosis than those with iris-supported and anterior chamber IOL. Postoperative complications and graft rejections are rare.
    Notes: Perforierende Keratoplastiken bei Pseudophakie zĂ€hlten bisher zur Gruppe mit einer eingeschrĂ€nkten Prognose. Dies galt insbesondere, wenn iris- und kammerwinkelgestĂŒtzte Intraokularlinsen implantiert wurden. Es ergibt sich die Frage wie die Langzeitprognose bei der ĂŒblichen Hinterkammerlinsenimplantation ist. Patienten und Methode: Im Zeitraum von 1985 – 1994 wurden 62 perforierende Keratoplastiken an pseudophaken Augen mit Hinterkammerlinse durchgefĂŒhrt wegen: Gruppe I: dekompensierte Fuchs-Dystrophie (26 Patienten), Gruppe II: sekundĂ€r operationsbedingte bullöse Keratopathie (36 Patienten). Die Mindestnachbeobachtung betrug 18 Monate. Das mittlere Alter lag bei 73,7 Jahren. Ergebnisse: Bei einer durchschnittlichen Nachbeobachtung von 32 Monaten betrug das mittlere Sehvermögen bei der Entlassung 0,11, nach 6 Monaten 0,23, nach 1 Jahr 0,3, nach 2 Jahren 0,35, nach 3 Jahren 0,41 ohne signifikanten Unterschied in beiden Gruppen. Zwei Jahre nach der Transplantation hatten 52,8% der Patienten einen Visus von ≄0,3, nach 3 Jahren waren es 58,6%, davon 41,1% mit einem Visus ≄0,5, das entspricht einer Visusverbesserung bei 83,4%. Das durchschnittliche sphĂ€rische Äquivalent betrug –0,29 dpt. 56,7% lagen zwischen + und –2 dpt. 95,1% der Transplantate blieben klar. Bei 5 Patienten kam es zu einer reversiblen Abstoßungsreaktion. Extrakorneale Ursachen einer Visusminderung wurden bei 25 Patienten beobachtet. Schlußfolgerung: Trotz unterschiedlichem Ausgangsvisus waren die postoperativen Ergebnisse in beiden Gruppen gleich. Perforierende Keratoplastiken wegen Fuchs-Dystrophie und sekundĂ€r bullöser Keratopathie haben bei HKL eine wesentlich bessere Langzeitprognose als bei iris- und kammerwinkelgestĂŒtzten IOL. Postoperative Komplikationen und TransplantateintrĂŒbungen sind selten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The Geneva risk and insurance review 23 (1998), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1554-9658
    Keywords: background risk ; stochastic dominance ; coinsurance ; deductibles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The demand for insurance against loss from a particular risky asset is likely to depend on other risks the decision-maker faces. For independently distributed other risks, referred to as background risk, Eeckhoudt and Kimball [1992] determine the effect on insurance demand of introducing background risk. Recently, Eeckhoudt, Gollier, and Schlesinger [1996] determine conditions on preferences such that first- and second-degree stochastic deteriorations in background risk lead to a decrease in the decision-maker's willingness to accept other risks. These results, although formulated in a general decision model, also apply to insurance demand. This article continues analysis of this question by determining the effect on insurance demand of several other general changes in background risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Gadolinium sesquihalide ; interstitial carbon units ; crystal structure ; electronic structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6, ein interstitiell stabilisiertes, heteroleptisches Gadoliniumsesquihalogenid[Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 erhĂ€lt man aus CsI, Gd, GdCl3 und C2I4 in verschweißten Niob-Ampullen bei 1000/800°C in Form von schwarzen, glĂ€nzenden Nadeln. Die Kristallstruktur (tetragonal; P4/mbm; Z = 2; a = 1347,5(1); c = 1212,5(1) pm) ist Ă€hnlich wie jene von Na[Mo4]O6 bzw. [Sc4B]Cl6. Trans-kantenverknĂŒpfte [Gd6]-Oktaeder verlaufen parallel [001]. Sie enthalten interstitielle C2-Einheiten, Jedes dritte Oktaeder enthĂ€lt fehlgeordnete C2-Einheiten, senkrecht zu jenen in den benachbarten [Gd6(C2)]-Oktaedern. Diese sind daher entlang der (pseudo)-C4-Achse gestaucht. Rechnungen zur elektronischen Struktur zeigen, daß insgesamt 13 Elektronen zur AuffĂŒllung aller Metall-Metall-bindenden ZustĂ€nde fĂŒr eine „leere“ [Gd4]Cl6-Struktur nötig wĂ€ren. Die Einlagerung der C2-Dimeren verĂ€ndert die BindungsverhĂ€ltnisse in [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I) erheblich. Die formale Ladung von -6 der C2-Einheit wird durch das Aufsplitten der πg-ZustĂ€nde reduziert, Gd—Gd und Gd—C-bindende ZustĂ€nde werden besetzt und bindende dx2-y2-Orbitale kombinieren zu den am niedrigsten liegenden nicht besetzten ZustĂ€nden.
    Notes: [Gd4(C2)](Cl, I)6 is obtained from CsI, Gd, GdCl3 and C2I4 in sealed niobium containers at 1000/800°C as black, shiny needles. The crystal structure (tetragonal, P4/mbm, Z = 2, a = 1347.5(1), c = 1212.5(1) pm) is similar to that of Na[Mo4]O6 and [Sc4B]Cl6. It may be regarded as being built from octahedra sharing common trans edges running in the [001] direction. The octahedra contain C2 units as interstitials. Every third octahedron contains a disordered C2 unit perpendicular to those in the two neighboring [Gd6(C2)] octahedra and is therefore compressed in the direction of the (pseudo) C4 axis. Calculations of the electronic structure of an “empty” [Gd4]Cl6 structure reveals a total of 13 electrons necessary to occupy all metal-metal bonding states. The incorporation of a carbon dimer substantially alters the bonding conditions for [Gd4(C2)]X6 (X = Cl, I). The formal charge of -6 of the C2 unit is significantly reduced as πg states split up, Gd—Gd and Gd—C bonding states are occupied and bonding dx2—y2 orbitals combine to form the lowest unoccupied energy states.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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