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Notes: Abstract Colonial marine invertebrates are characterized by their ability to share resources among the modules of a colony. In most colonial groups, but particularly the Bryozoa, the dynamics of resource transport among modules is unknown. We developed radioisotope techniques to visualize and quantify the movement of carbon and sulfur-based compounds within colonies of the marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. The research was conducted in 1991 and 1992 in Friday Harbor, Washington, USA. Autoradiography, using X-ray film, was used to visualize the transport of both 14C and 35S, and a liquid scintillation counter was used to quantify transport of metabolites. We were able to localize feeding by introducing 10 μl aliquots of labelled algal cells with a microinjection syringe into a containment ring on the surface of the colony. The labelled cells were consumed by zooids feeding within the ring, but not by those outside. In time-course within the ring, but not by those outside. In time-course experiments, ≃15% of the ingested carbon radioisotope was transported from a source in the center of the colonies to the growing edges over a period of 48 h. Approximately 10% of the sulfur was transported from central to edge regions of colonies over 72 h. Transport of carbon isotope was unidirectional in all experiments, irrespective of whether colonies were fed near the edge or the center. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that up to 46% of the initial 14C radioisotope was lost from the colony to respiration and egestion in the 24 h following ingestion.

Notes: Abstract Scleractinian corals experience a wide range of flow regimes which, coupled with colony morphology, can affect the ability of corals to capture zooplankton and other particulate materials. We used a field enclosure oriented parallel to prevailing oscillatory flow on the forereef at Discovery Bay, Jamaica, to investigate rates of zooplankton capture by corals of varying morphology and polyp size under realistic flow speeds. Experiments were carried out from 1989 to 1992. Particles (Artemia salina cysts) and naturally occurring zooplankton attracted into the enclosures were used as prey for the corals Madracis mirabilis (Duchassaing and Michelotti) (narrow branches, small polyps), Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus) (mounding, large polyps), and Porites porites (Pallas) (wide branches, small polyps). This design allowed corals to be used without removing them or their prey from the reef environment, and avoided contact of zooplankton with net surfaces. Flow speed had significant effects on capture rate for cysts (M. mirabilis), total zooplankton (M. mirabilis, M. cavernosa), and non-copepod zooplankton (M. mirabilis). Zooplankton prey capture increased with prey concentration for M. mirabilis and M. cavernosa, over a broad range of concentrations, indicating that saturation of the feeding response had not occurred until prey density was over 104 items m−3, a concentration at least an order of magnitude greater than the normal range of reef zooplankton concentrations. Location of cyst capture on coral surfaces was not uniform; for M. cavernosa, sides and tops of mounds captured most particles, and for P. porites, capture was greatest near branch tops, but was close to uniform for M. mirabilis branches in all flow conditions. The present study confirms laboratory flume results, and field results for other species, suggesting that many coral species experience particle flux and encounter rate limitations at low flow speeds, decreasing potential zooplankton capture rates.

Notes: High-resolution infrared spectra of (CO2)3 formed in a slit jet supersonic expansion are obtained via direct absorption of a tunable diode laser in the ν3 asymmetric stretch region of CO2. Over 100 distinct transitions are recorded in the trimer spectrum, which can be modeled as a perpendicular band of a planar symmetric top with C3h symmetry and no observable tunneling splittings. Results from the spectroscopic fit indicate that the complex is vibrationally averaged planar, with a carbon–carbon atom separation of RCC=4.0376(2) A(ring). An analysis of the vibrational blue shift for (CO2)3 of 2.5755(2) cm−1 via a resonant dipole–dipole interaction model yields an angular orientation for each CO2 axis of β=33.8(5)° away from a line tangent to the vertex and parallel to the opposite side of the equilateral triangle connecting the centers of mass of each CO2 monomer. Several model CO2–CO2 interaction potentials are tested against the vibrationally averaged structural parameters for (CO2)3. In particular, the potential of Murthy et al. [Mol. Phys. 50, 531 (1983)] reproduces RCC for the complex, but similar to all potentials tested, does not accurately predict the angular orientation β of the monomers within the trimer. Lastly, spectral evidence and model predictions suggest that there is an asymmetric top isomer of the trimer that is energetically comparable to the observed cyclic isomer. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: The theory developed by Zare [Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 86, 422 (1982)] for using electric-dipole-allowed photoexcitation with linearly polarized light to align linear and symmetric top molecules via parallel transitions is extended to include perpendicular transitions, as well as the alignment of asymmetric tops via a-, b-, or c-type transitions. Analytical expressions for the spatial distribution of a symmetric top figure axis following a parallel or perpendicular transition are presented. A prescription is developed for determining the spatial distribution of each principal axis of an asymmetric or symmetric top following parallel or perpendicular type transitions. The degree of alignment obtainable via photoexcitation for symmetric and asymmetric tops is discussed, with the somewhat surprising result that all three principal axes of an asymmetric top can be highly aligned via photoexcitation. A simple computer program for calculating the degree of alignment of each principal axis of a symmetric or asymmetric top following an a-, b-, or c-type transition is described and made available. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: High resolution infrared spectra of a previously unidentified noncyclic isomer of (CO2)3 have been obtained via direct absorption of a 4.3 μm diode laser in a slit jet supersonic expansion. Two vibrational bands (labeled νI and νIII) are observed, corresponding to the two most infrared active linear combinations of the three constituent CO2 monomer asymmetric stretches: νI is redshifted −5.85 cm−1 from the monomer vibrational origin and is predominately a c-type band of an asymmetric top, while νIII is blueshifted +3.58 cm−1 and is predominately an a-type band. Transitions with Ka+Kc=odd (even) in the ground (excited) state are explicitly absent from the spectra due to the zero nuclear spin of CO2; this rigorously establishes that the noncyclic isomer has a C2 symmetry axis. The vibrational shifts and relative intensities of the bands are interpreted via a resonant dipole interaction model between the high-frequency stretches of the CO2 monomers. Rotational constants are determined by fits of transition frequencies to an asymmetric top Hamiltonian. These results are used to determine vibrationally averaged structural parameters for the complex, which is found to be stacked asymmetric but with C2 symmetry about the b inertial axis. The structural parameters are then used to test several trial CO2–CO2 interaction potentials. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Absolute state-to-state cross sections are reported for rotationally inelastic scattering in crossed jets of HF with He, Ne, and Ar at mean center-of-mass collision energies of 480, 390, and 350 cm−1, respectively. HF seeded in Ar diluent gas is cooled into the J=0 ground rotational state in a pulsed supersonic expansion, followed by single collision rotational excitation with rare gas atoms from a second pulsed supersonic jet. The column-integrated densities of HF in both the initial and final scattering states are probed in the jet intersection region via direct absorption of light from a narrow bandwidth (0.0001 cm−1), continuously tunable, color center laser. Total inelastic cross sections for collisional loss out of J=0 and collisional excitation into J〉0 states are determined in absolute units from the dependence of infrared absorption signals on collider gas concentration. Full close coupling scattering calculations are performed on several ab initio and empirical potential energy surfaces for each of the three HF+rare gas systems. Agreement for He+HF and Ar+HF integral cross sections is remarkably good, but significant discrepancies are noted for the less accurately determined Ne+HF surface. Photoelastic polarization modulation of the IR laser is used to probe for rotational alignment in the scattered HF flux; the measurements set an upper polarizance limit for collisionally populated J=1 HF molecules [probed on P(1)] of |P|〈2%. High resolution IR laser Dopplerimetry reveals velocity structure in the collisionally excited J=1 Doppler profiles, which is in excellent qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions of rainbow features in the J=1←0 state-to-state differential cross section. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Three high-resolution rovibrational bands of ortho H2 with both para and ortho H2O are observed in a slit supersonic expansion, based on direct absorption of a tunable diode laser in the ν2 bend region of H2O near 1600 cm−1. Complexes containing para H2O are responsible for a Σ←Σ type band associated with intramolecular bending excitation of H2O, while complexes containing ortho H2O exhibit two bands associated with (i) the intramolecular HOH bend (Π←Π) and (ii) an inter+intramolecular combination band (Σ←Π) corresponding to simultaneous HOH bend plus internal rotor excitation. From high-resolution line broadening studies, each upper state has a different vibrational predissociation lifetime; for bend excited para H2O complexes it is 5.1(14) nsec, while for the bend excited state and bend+internal rotor combination state of ortho H2O, it is 2.53(14) and 1.85(33) nsec, respectively. Analysis of the spectra supplemented by 2D quantum calculations indicate large amplitude, slightly hindered internal rotation of the H2O subunit in the complex. Nevertheless, the internal rotor splittings yield potential parameters that suggest ortho H2–H2O is best described with the H2 predominantly pointing towards the O atom in a H2O proton acceptor geometry. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Six internal rotation/vibration bands of ArH2O are observed in a slit supersonic expansion via direct absorption of a tunable diode laser in the v2 bend region of H2O. The spectra obtained for the ortho H2O manifold are well represented by a pseudodiatomic model with nearly free internal rotation of the H2O subunit. By way of contrast, the para bands show significant mixing between the internal rotor and stretch states, indicative of strong angular-radial coupling in the intermolecular potential. The spectra for the para Ar–H2O species can be deperturbed based on a three state Coriolis plus angular-radial coupling model which includes microwave, far-ir and near-ir data. The results indicate a redshift of (approximate)0.58 cm−1 upon bend excitation of the H2O subunit, and in general rather modest changes in the excited state intermolecular potential from the ground state potential. No indication of predissociation broadening is found, and the instrument-limited linewidths place a lower limit on the vibrational lifetime in the excited state of τ≥7.2(6) ns. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Ar2CO2 is studied using direct absorption infrared spectroscopy. The van der Waals molecules are formed when a mixture of CO2 and Ar gases is expanded in a supersonic slit jet. To probe the clusters, the ν3 asymmetric stretch of the CO2 monomer is then monitored in absorption. Sixty-one trimer transitions are assigned and fit to a Watson asymmetric top Hamiltonian. Rotational constants for the upper and lower vibrational states permit determination of vibrationally averaged molecular structures, which indicate that the Ar atoms lie in the plane that bisects CO2 and is perpendicular to the CO2 intramolecular axis. These geometries are consistent with an equivalent "T-shaped'' ArCO2 geometry for each Ar atom. Vibrational origins for the ν3 CO2 asymmetric stretch frequency in ArnCO2 are found to shift approximately linearly for zero, one, and two Ar atoms. Calculations using pair potentials are used to extrapolate these red shifts out to the bulk phase and to compare the results to experimental matrix data. Finally, the slight nonlinearity in the red shift between ArCO2 dimer and Ar2CO2 trimers is interpreted in the context of three-body forces. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Notes: Nascent quantum states of CO2 subliming from CO2 thin films at rates of 1 to 103 monolayers (ML) per second are probed via direct infrared absorption of the ν3 asymmetric stretch with a frequency ramped diode laser. The high spectral resolution (Δν≈15 MHz) of the diode laser and the use of polarization modulation techniques permit individual rotational, vibrational, translational, and even MJ degrees of freedom of the subliming flux to be studied with quantum state resolution. Measured rotational and ν2 bend vibrational distributions indicate that the molecules sublime from the surface in a Boltzmann distribution characterized by the thin film temperature Ts. Similarly, the velocity distributions parallel to the surface are well described by a Maxwell velocity distribution at Ts, as determined by high resolution Doppler analysis of the individual rovibrational line shapes. The MJ distribution of subliming rotational states is probed via polarization modulation methods; no alignment is detected within experimental sensitivity. This places an upper limit on the anisotropy in the rotational distribution of |n⊥/n(parallel)−1|〈0.02, where n⊥/n(parallel) is the ratio of molecules with J perpendicular vs parallel to the surface normal. By virtue of the direct absorption technique, the absolute sublimation rates from the surface can be obtained from the measured column integrated densities. Via detailed balance, these fluxes are compared with equilibrium vapor pressure measurements to retrieve the absolute sticking coefficients S for gas phase CO2 impinging on a solid phase CO2 thin film. For sublimation rates 〈103 ML/s, the data indicate S=1.0±0.2, irrespective of quantum state, rotational alignment, and tangential velocity component. For sublimation rates (approximately-greater-than)103 ML/s, the onset of a mild supersonic expansion is observed, with post-desorption collisions cooling the rotational temperature by as much as 15 K below Ts. Modeling of the gas–surface interaction using realistic CO2–CO2 pair potentials demonstrates that the gas–surface potential is relatively "soft'' and highly corrugated, which promotes efficient translational and rotational energy transfer to the surface. The scattering analysis also suggests that nonequilibrium quantum state distributions in the subliming flux are not expected for translational and rotational energies less than or comparable to the binding energy of CO2 to the surface. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.