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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 2583-2585 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Rapid thermal processing for junction formation is emerging as a low cost technique for solar cell as well as for other semiconductor device production. Compared to conventional furnace processing, process differences are not only in very high heating and cooling rates, but also in the incoherent emitted radiation spectrum, which can act on dopant diffusion. The photons emitted from tungsten halogen lamps go from far ultraviolet, over visible to infrared light. In this work additional mercury ultraviolet lamps are used during rapid thermal annealing to analyze the influence of high energetic photons on diffusion mechanisms. The diffusion results are discussed in terms of radiation spectrum, involving analysis of diffusion profiles and sheet resistances. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Financial accountability and management 11 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper highlights the requirement for Executive Agencies to be more directly accountable to those outside their immediate management, especially con- cerning performance. The paper discusses the importance of performance information in external reporting and, through an analysis of 57 recent annual reports, examines the extent to which such information is disclosed. By comparing the results of this analysis with earlier evidence, changes in emphasis are identified. The research, although questioning the adequacy of performance reporting by Agencies, provides evidence of improvement over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers
    Financial accountability and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-0408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The use of quantitative, often non-financial, targets and performance measures in the plans of both businesses and not-for-profit organisations has recently received increasing attention in the academic literature. In the UK public sector this has been particularly important, given the rise of New Public Management. This has resulted in a shift from issues of policy to issues of management, and the break-up of traditional bureaucratic structures. These changes have been supported by an increasing focus on setting quantitative targets which cover all aspects of an organisation's performance. This paper seeks to examine the possible role of quantitative targets in planning and control in public sector organisations. Furthermore, through an exploratory study of over eighty planning documents from executive agencies, the nature and breadth of targets being used are examined and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 12 (1998), S. 721-726 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words: Polycystic kidney disease ; Polycystin ; PKD1 ; PKD2 ; Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease ; orpk ; Tg737 ; Epidermal growth factor receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In recent years there have been a number of developments in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) research. The genes associated with the predominant forms of autosomal dominant PKD have been cloned, and the gene associated with a mouse model for autosomal recessive PKD has been identified and characterized. Other studies have yielded new information regarding the role of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in promoting renal cyst formation. In this review article we summarize recent pulished data on the molecular genetics of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive PKD and provide a working model of how multiple genes participate in the PKD disease pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 300-305 
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During magnetic storms an anomalous increase in the ionization density of the nighttime E region is observed at low and middle latitudes. It has been suggested that this effect is caused by the precipitation of neutralized ring current particles. Here a coupled ring current decay-ionosphere model is used to confirm the validity of this explanation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 7 (1996), S. 285-286 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; menopausal status ; second primary neoplasms ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To evaluate predictors of contralateral breast cancer risk, we examined data from a nested case-control study of second primary cancers among a cohort of women in western Washington (United States) diagnosed with breast cancer during 1978 through 1990 and identified through a population-based cancer registry. Cases included all women in the cohort who subsequently developed contralateral breast cancer at least six months after the initial diagnosis, but prior to 1992 (n=234). Controls were sampled randomly from the cohort, matched to cases on age, stage, and year of initial breast cancer diagnosis. Information on potential risk factors for second primary cancer was obtained through medical record abstractions and physician questionnaires. Women who were postmenopausal due to a bilateral oophorectomy (i.e., a surgical menopause) at initial breast cancer diagnosis had a reduction in contralateral breast cancer risk compared with premenopausal women (matched odds ratio [mOR]=0.25, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.09–0.68), whereas no reduction in risk was noted among postmenopausal women who had had a natural menopause (mOR=0.90, CI=0.39–2.09). Among postmenopausal women, there was a suggestion of a lower risk associated with relatively high parity (2+). A family history of breast cancer was associated with an increased risk (mOR=1.96, CI=1.22–5.15) and varied little by menopausal status. Having an initial tumor with a lobular component (c.f. a ductal histology) was not related strongly to risk (mOR=1.47, CI=0.79–2.74). The results of the present and earlier studies argue that we have limited ability to predict the occurrence of a contralateral breast tumor. Better predictors will be required before diagnostic and preventive interventions can be targeted to subgroups of patients with unilateral breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control studies ; diabetes mellitus ; insulin resistance ; ovarian neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Insulin resistance characterizes non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Insulin resistance may coexist in clinical syndromes with hyperestrogenism and hyperandrogenism, suggesting that the ovary may be sensitive to effects of insulin. In addition, insulin-like growth factor-I receptors, which are capable of binding insulin, have been identified in ovarian cancer tissue and are proposed to regulate cell growth. We evaluated the association between a history of diabetes mellitus and ovarian cancer in a case-control study in seven counties in Washington and in Utah (United States) during the years 1975–87. Cases included women newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer over a five-year period who were identified through population-based cancer reporting. Controls similar to cases with regard to age and county of residence were identified via household surveys or random digit dialing. The study included 595 cases and 1,587 controls. Twenty-seven cases (4.5 percent) and 72 controls (4.5 percent) reported a history of diabetes. Logistic regression analysis of the association between diabetes and ovarian cancer controlling for age, body mass index, and race resulted in an odds ratio (OR) of 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.6–1.5). The OR was not changed with further controlling for prior oral contraceptive use or prior pregnancy. None of the 20 women with nonepithelial tumors (15 of which were stromal tumors) had a history of diabetes (upper CI=4.0). These results, together with findings of two earlier cohort studies, do not support the hypothesis that diabetes is a risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Asian-Americans ; China ; Japan ; migrants ; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; Philippines ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino residents of the United States to obtain further clues about the etiology of the disease. The age, race, and birthplace of residents of Hawaii, San Francisco/Oakland (California), and western Washington who had received a diagnosis of NHL during the period 1973–86 were obtained from population-based cancer registries, and a special tabulation from the 1980 Census was used to estimate the number of person-years at risk for each category of resident. The incidence of NHL in each of the Asian groups examined was 35 to 85 percent that of US-born Whites. However, there was no consistent trend of increasing incidence with increasing generation of residence in any of the groups. In Asian-Americans, the risk of small cell lymphocytic and plasmacytoid lymphoma was 10 to 85 percent that of Whites, although no clear trends of risk with generation of residence in the US were observed. They also were at a reduced risk of follicular lymphoma, and in Chinese and Japanese persons, the risk was lower in first generation than in later generation migrants (Chinese: Asian-born relative risk [RR]=0.11, US-born, RR=0.84; Japanese: Asian-born, RR=0.15, US-born, RR 0.36). The risk of diffuse lymphoma was similar in Chinese-and Japanese-Americans and US-born Whites. We conclude that, with the exception of follicular lymphoma, the basis for the relatively low incidence of NHL in Asian-Americans does not lie in exposures or characteristics that differ between the migrants themselves and their descendants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 7 (1996), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Abortion ; ovarian neoplasms ; pregnancy ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Because of the reduced risk of ovarian cancer related to prior full-term pregnancies, we sought to determine whether there was any association with a history of one or more incomplete pregnancies. White female residents of three counties in Washington State (United States) diagnosed with ovarian cancer during 1986–88 (n=322), and a random sample of control women selected from these same counties (n=426), were interviewed regarding their pregnancy and childbearing histories. Among women who had given birth to at least one child, an additional incomplete pregnancy was not associated with the risk of ovarian cancer (relative risk [RR]=1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.8–1.6, adjusting for age, oral contraceptive use, and number of births). For those who had never given birth, a somewhat smaller proportion of cases had a history of incomplete pregnancy than controls (RR=0.8, CI=0.4–1.7). In an analysis restricted to ever-pregnant women, a prior induced or spontaneous abortion was not found to be associated with the incidence of ovarian tumors (RR=1.0, CI=0.6–1.7, and RR=1.3, CI=0.8–1.9, respectively). Other studies of the possible relation between incomplete pregnancies and ovarian cancer generally have observed either a weak negative association or no association at all. It is possible that if incomplete pregnancies do affect the risk of ovarian cancer, their impact might be too small to be identified reliably through epidemiologic studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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