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  • 1995-1999  (16)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 486-488 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the fabrication of ferromagnet–insulator–ferromagnet junction devices using a ramp-edge geometry based on (La0.7Sr0.3)MnO3 ferromagnetic electrodes and a SrTiO3 insulator. The maximum junction magnetoresistance (JMR) as large as 23% is observed below 300 Oe at low temperatures (T〈100 K). Our ramp-edge junctions exhibit JMR of 6% at 200 K with a field less than 100 Oe. The device performance at room temperature is believed to be limited by both the nearly equivalent coercive fields in the electrodes and the magnetization process, rather than by the insulating barrier. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-temperature-superconductor Josephson junctions with an edge geometry of superconductor/normal-metal/superconductor have been fabricated on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates by engineering the electrode and N-layer material to reduce the lattice mismatches (a, b, and c). With GdBa2Cu3O7−δ as electrodes and Pr-doped Y0.6Pr0.4Ba2Cu3O7−δ as a barrier, the lattice mismatches from electrode and barrier layer are reduced to a very low level. The junctions fabricated with such a design demonstrate resistively shunted junction current-voltage characteristics under dc bias at temperatures in the range of 77–88 K. The quite low specific interface resistivity on the order of 10−10 Ω cm2 indicates that the junction performance is controlled by the normal-metal (N) layer material instead of the interfaces. The use of lattice-matched electrode and N-layer material is one of the key design rules to obtain controllable high-temperature superconductor Josephson junctions. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High wire number, 25-mm-diameter tungsten wire arrays have been imploded on the 8-MA Saturn generator [R. B. Spielman et al., AIP Conference Proceeding 195, 3 (American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY 1989)], operating in a long-pulse mode. By varying the mass of the arrays from 710 to 6140 μg/cm, implosion times of 130–250 ns have been obtained with implosion velocities of 50–25 cm/μs, respectively. These Z-pinch implosions produced plasmas with millimeter diameters that radiated 600–800 kJ of x-rays, with powers of 20–49 TW; the corresponding pulsewidths were 19–7.5 ns, with risetimes ranging from 6.5 to 4.0 ns. These powers and pulsewidths are similar to those achieved with 50-ns implosion times on Saturn. Two-dimensional, radiation-magnetohydrodynamic calculations indicate that the imploding shells in these long implosion time experiments are comparable in width to those in the short-pulse cases. This can be due to lower initial perturbations. A heuristic wire array model suggests that the reduced perturbations, in the long-pulse cases, may be due to the individual wire merger occurring well before the acceleration of the shell. The experiments and modeling suggest that 150–200 ns implosion time Z-pinches could be employed for high-power, x-ray source applications. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A two-dimensional (2D) Eulerian radiation-magnetohydrodynamic code has been used to successfully simulate hollow metallic z-pinch experiments fielded on several facilities with a wide variety of drive conditions, time scales, and loads. The 2D simulations of these experiments reproduce important quantities of interest including the radiation pulse energy, power, and pulse width. This match is obtained through the use of an initial condition: the amplitude of a random density perturbation imposed on the initial plasma shell. The perturbations seed the development of magnetically driven Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities which greatly affect the dynamics of the implosion and the resulting production of radiation. Analysis of such simulations allows insights into the physical processes by which these calculations reproduce the experimental results. As examples, the insights gained from the simulations of Sandia "Z" accelerator [R. B. Spielman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 2105 (1998)] experiments have allowed for the investigation of possible physical processes which produce high powers in "nested array" implosions and high temperatures within "dynamic hohlraum" loads. Building on these insights, the 2D code has been used in designing new experiments to optimize the desired physical conditions and in interpreting the experimental results obtained. These examples and others will be discussed as well as examples of simulation results where improvement is needed and what steps are being taken to make that improvement. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 2605-2608 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Reducing the length of 30 mm diam tungsten wire arrays on the 20 MA Z pulsed power accelerator [R. B. Spielman, S. F. Breeze, C. Deeney et al., Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Particle Beams, Prague, Czech Republic, edited by K. Junwirth and J. Ullschmied (Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 1996), p. 150] from 2 to 0.75 cm has shown that the radiated powers are energies that remain constant at 170±30 TW and 1600±150 kJ. The length-independent nature of the power and energy results in the radiated power per unit length increasing from 85±10 to 240±30 TW/cm. These high-power densities should result in approximately a 20% increase in radiation temperatures produced by a Z-pinch-driven vacuum or internal hohlarums. Two-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic calculations indicate that the constant radiated energies with varying pinch lengths is consistent with the energy input being due to the work done by the Lorentz forces during the radial collapse, resulting in kinetic energy and during the on-axis pinch phase, resulting in pdV or compressional heating. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A goal of pulsed-power technology is the development of an intense, megajoule level source of soft x rays for use in high-energy density physics experiments. Experimental facilities, theoretical concepts, computational tools, and diagnostics that have been developed since 1980 place pulsed power at the threshold of performing experiments of great interest to the applied physics community. In this paper the "Flying Radiation Case" approach will be presented and its predicted performance on Sandia National Laboratory's Z-Machine [M. K. Matzen, Phys. Plasmas 4, 1519 (1997)] will be described. The effects of instability growth in the plasma during the implosion, its reassembly on a central cushion, and the plasma interactions with shaped electrodes are considered. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 3448-3468 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A series of two-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic calculations are presented of a Z-pinch implosion using a plasma flow switch. Results from a recent experiment using the high explosive driven generator Procyon, which delivered 16.5 MA to a plasma flow switch and switched about 15 MA into a static load, are used to study the implosion of a 29 mg load foil [J. H. Goforth et al., "Review of the Procyon Explosive Pulsed Power System,'' in Ninth IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, June 1993, Albuquerque, edited by K. R. Prestwich and W. L. Baker (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, 1993), p. 36]. The interaction of the switch with the load plasma and the effects of background plasma on the total radiation output is examined. Models which assume ideal switching are also included. Also included are the effects of perturbations in the load plasma which may be associated with initial vaporization of the load foil. If the background plasma density in the switch region and in the load region does not affect the dynamics, the pinch is predicted to produce a total radiation output of about 4 MJ. Including perturbations of the load plasma associated with switching and assuming a background plasma density after switching in excess of 10−7 g/cm3 results in a total output from the pinch of about 0.6 MJ. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 3302-3310 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A two-dimensional (2-D) Eulerian Radiation-Magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) code has been used to simulate imploding z pinches for three experiments fielded on the Los Alamos Pegasus II capacitor bank [J. C. Cochrane et al., Dense Z-Pinches, Third International Conference, London, United Kingdom 1993 (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1994), p. 381] and the Sandia Saturn accelerator [R. B. Spielman et al., Dense Z-Pinches, Second International Conference, Laguna Beach, 1989 (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989), p. 3] and Z accelerator [R. B. Spielman et al., Phys. Plasmas 5, 2105 (1998)]. These simulations match the experimental results closely and illustrate how the code results may be used to track the flow of energy in the simulation and account for the amount of total radiated energy. The differences between the calculated radiated energy and power in 2-D simulations and those from zero-dimensional (0-D) and one-dimensional (1-D) Lagrangian simulations (which typically underpredict the total radiated energy and overpredict power) are due to the radially extended nature of the plasma shell, an effect which arises from the presence of magnetically driven Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. The magnetic Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities differ substantially from hydrodynamically driven instabilities and typical measures of instability development such as e-folding times and mixing layer thickness are inapplicable or of limited value. A new measure of global instability development is introduced, tied to the imploding plasma mass, termed "fractional involved mass." Examples of this quantity are shown for the three experiments along with a discussion of the applicability of this measure. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 1415-1429 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations are presented that demonstrate the effects of magnetically driven Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities on the soft x-ray output from Z pinches. Instability models, which reproduce the current drive wave form and match visible framing camera data for instability wavelength and amplitude for implosions on capacitively driven inductive store systems, are used to study the structure of the x-ray output and the spectrum of radiation emitted from the pinch. The results indicate that standard magnetohydrodynamics is capable of reproducing much of the observed data when two-dimensional effects associated with Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities are included. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A two-dimensional computational methodology has been developed that uses a phenomenological representation of initial perturbations to model the evolution of magnetically driven Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in a hollow Z pinch. The perturbed drive current waveform and x-ray output obtained from the two-dimensional models differ qualitatively from the results of unperturbed (one-dimensional) models. Furthermore, the perturbed results reproduce the principle features measured in a series of capacitor bank-driven pulsed power experiments. In this paper we discuss the computational approach and the computational sensitivity to initial conditions (including the initial perturbations). Representative examples are also presented of instability evolution during implosions, and the results are compared with experimentally measured current waveforms and visible framing camera images of perturbed implosions. Standard magnetohydrodynamic modeling, which includes instability growth in two dimensions, is found to reproduce the features seen in experiments. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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