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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HOST PLANT INFLUENCES ON SEX PHEROMONE BEHAVIOR OF PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS1 (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 42 (1997), S. 371-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sexual behavior of phytophagous insects is often integrated in a variety of ways with their host plants. This integration may be manifested as effects or influences of host plants on insect physiology and behavior, including sex pheromone communication, that reflect strategies by insects to optimize mating and reproduction. Certain insects sequester or otherwise acquire host plant compounds and use them as sex pheromones or sex pheromone precursors. Other insects produce or release sex pheromones in response to particular host plant cues. Chemicals from host plants often synergize or otherwise enhance insect responses to sex pheromones. By these means, host plants may be used by insects to regulate or mediate sexual communication. For many species of insects, host plant influences on insect sex pheromone communication may be important aspects of the formation of feeding and mating aggregations, of insect strategies to locate both hosts and mates, of behavioral reproductive isolation among sibling species, and of the regulation of reproduction to coincide with the availability of food and oviposition sites. Knowledge of these relationships is critical to understanding many different areas of the behavioral ecology of plant-feeding insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.371
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple Origins of Cyclodiene Insecticide Resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 48 (1999), S. 615-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Mutation rate — Migration — Point mutation — Pesticide resistance —γ-Aminobutyric acid receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The number of origins of pesticide resistance-associated mutations is important not only to our understanding of the evolution of resistance but also in modeling its spread. Previous studies of amplified esterase genes in a highly dispersive Culex mosquito have suggested that insecticide resistance-associated mutations (specifically a single-gene duplication event) can occur a single time and then spread throughout global populations. In order to provide data for resistance-associated point mutations, which are more typical of pesticide mechanisms as a whole, we studied the number of independent origins of cyclodiene insecticide resistance in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Target-site insensitivity to cyclodienes is conferred by single point mutations in the gene Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl), which codes for a subunit of a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. These point mutations are associated with replacements of alanine 302 which render the receptor insensitive to block by the insecticide. We collected 141 strains of Tribolium worldwide and screened them for resistance. Twenty-four strains contained resistant individuals. After homozygosing 23 of these resistance alleles we derived a nucleotide sequence phylogeny of the resistant strains from a 694-bp section of Rdl, encompassing exon 7 (which contains the resistance-associated mutation) and part of a flanking intron. The phylogeny also included six susceptible alleles chosen at random from a range of geographical locations. Resistance alleles fell into six clades and three clades contained both resistant and susceptible alleles. Although statistical analysis provided support at only the 5–6% level, the pattern of variation in resistance alleles is more readily explained by multiple independent origins of resistance than by spread of a single resistance-associated mutation. For example, two resistance alleles differed from two susceptible alleles only by the resistance-associated mutation itself, suggesting that they form the susceptible ancestors and that resistance arose independently in several susceptible backgrounds. This suggests that in Tribolium Rdl, de novo mutations for resistance have arisen independently in several populations. Identical alleles were found in geographically distant regions as well, also implying that some Rdl alleles have been exported in stored grain. These differences from the Culex study may stem both from differences in the population genetics of Tribolium versus that of mosquitoes and differences in mutation rates associated with point mutations versus gene duplication events. The Tribolium data therefore suggest that multiple origins of insecticide resistance (associated with specific point mutations) may be more common than the spread of single events. These findings have implications for the way in which we model the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance genes and also suggest that parallel adaptive substitutions may not be uncommon in phyletic evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006504
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic evidence for interstellar ices in comet Hyakutake (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 383 (1996), S. 418-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The identification of HNC was made in comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) through its / = 4-3 transition at 362.630092 GHz. The first detection was obtained at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) on March 16.6ux when the comet was at 1.219 AU from the Sun and 0.305 AU from the Earth. Observations ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/383418a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular basis for interaction of the protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 with the T-cell receptor (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 377 (1995), S. 32-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The crystal structure of the tandem SH2 domains of human ZAP-70 in complex with a peptide derived from the ζ-subunit of the T-cell receptor reveals an unanticipated interaction between the two domains. A coiled coil of α-helices connects the two SH2 domains, producing an interface that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377032a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiative Transfer in a Turbulent Expanding Molecular Envelope: Application to Mira (1997)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 251 (1997), S. 189-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000740823858
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Search for Extraterrestrial Origin of Atmospheric Trace Molecules — Radio Sub-MM Observations during the Leonids (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 129-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Early Earth ; H2O ; HCN ; Leonids 1999 ; lower thermosphere ; O3 ; mesosphere ; meteors ; micro-wave ; radio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To identify the effect of meteor showers on the molecular content of the upper atmosphere of the Earth, we have carried out ground-based observations of atmospheric HCN. HCN radio observations at CSO (Hawaii) on Nov 18/19, 1999, the night after the second Leonid shower maximum, show unusually low HCN abundances above 45 km altitude, which are only recovered after sunrise. We also investigated UARS/HALOE satellite data on H2O and O3. No correlation appears of year round H2O and O3 around 55 km with annual meteor showers, nor with meteor activity at the time of the 1998 Leonid shower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017075315388
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1995)
    Springer
    Pastoral psychology 44 (1995), S. 119-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6679
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Theology and Religious Studies
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274772
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defining Sources of Coffee Plant Odor Attractive toCeratitis Capitata Flies (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1577-1587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coffee ; Ceratitis capitata ; odor ; attractants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated attraction of released mature laboratory-cultured Mediterranean fruit flies to different sources of coffee plant odor placed in potted nonfruiting guava trees in outdoor field cages. Volatiles from crushed medium or dark red fruit ofCoffea arabica cv. arabica plants were significantly more attractive than volatiles from cut leaves or stems of such plants, volatiles from less-ripe crushedC. arabica fruit, and volatiles from crushed red fruit ofC. racemosa,C. canephora, orC. dewevari. Volatiles fromC. arabica cv. arabica crushed red fruit were equally attractive as volatiles from crushed red fruit ofC. congensis orC. arabica cv. mundo, cv. bourbon, cv. kents or cv. catura. Volatiles from as little as 2 g of crushed redC. arabica fruit (= 1 fruit) were as attractive as volatiles from 32 g of such fruit, demonstrating sensitivity of the bioassay approach used to a small amount of source material. Odor ofC. arabica red fruit refrigerated for 1–10 days after picking was significantly more attractive than odor of fresh-picked fruit, while odor of a 24-hr water extract of intact redC. arabica fruit was significantly more attractive than odor of 24-hr extracts of such fruit with methanol, methylene chloride, or hexane or 1- or 6-hr extracts with water. Extraction studies suggested that at least some of the volatiles of red coffee fruit attractive to medflies may be polar water-soluble molecules. In our final test, volatiles from crushed redC. arabica fruit trapped on Super Q and eluted with methylene chloride proved just as attractive as volatiles emanating directly from crushed fruit of the same type. Together, our findings define optimal source material and effective handling procedures of source material for future identification of volatile components of coffee fruit attractive to medflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006423.53109.15
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dried leaves from rocky mountain plants decrease infestation by stored-product beetles (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 127-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insecticide ; fumigant ; terpenoids ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Curculionidae ; camphor ; carvacrol ; Monarda fistulosa ; Artemisia tridentata ; Zabrotes subfasciatus ; Sitophilus oryzae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Leaves of two highly aromatic plants,Artemisia tridentata (Nutt.) andMonarda fistulosa L., prepared according to a patented process, inhibited oviposition by the Mexican bean weevil,Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman), in beans at concentrations less than 1% w/w. Both plant species were less effective against the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae L., in wheat, with onlyM. fistulosa exhibiting any concentration-dependent activity. The maximal control achieved against this species was less than 50% at 3% w/w. Two less aromatic plant species,Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh.) Nutt. andGeranium viscosissimum Fisch. and Mey., caused only low levels of inhibition against both insect species. Volatiles probably caused the response toA. tridentata andM. fistulosa, while the asymptotic concentration dependence for the less volatile plant material was likely caused by behavioral factors related to the physical presence of foreign particulate matter in the foodstuff. Chemical analysis indicated that most of the volatile components from the dried leaf material from all species were terpenoids, with camphor (9.7 mg/g) and 1,8-cineole (4.0 mg/g) being most abundant inA. tridentata and carvacrol (26.3 mg/g) being most abundant inM. fistulosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036647
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of sex pheromones from cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus, and related studies withC. analis (coleoptera: Bruchidae) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2233-2249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carboxylic acids ; Leguminosae ; pulses ; stored products ; seed weevils ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; Coleoptera ; cowpea weevil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cowpea weevils,Callosobruchus maculatus, produce a sex pheromone that elicits orientation and sexual behavior in males. Bioassay-directed isolation of the sex pheromone was conducted and compounds in the active fraction were identified and synthesized. Volatiles were collected from individual virgin females by adsorption on filter paper dises and hexane extraction. A bioassay was used in which the locomotory response of single males in glass vials was recorded upon exposure to treatments or controls. Crude extracts were subjected to silica gel column chromatography with solvents of increasing polarity; all activity eluted with methanol. Activity in the highly polar methanol fraction suggested a carboxylic acid or a compound with multiple polar functionality. Acid-base partitioning of the crude extract isolated all activity in the acid fraction, confirming that the pheromone was a carboxylic acid. The acid fraction was further fractionated by preparative GC with a Carbowax column. The most active GC fraction contained the following five 8-carbon acids identified by GC-MS and comparison with synthetic candidates: 3-methyleneheptanoic acid, (Z)-3-methyl-3-heptenoic acid, (E)-3-methyl-3-heptenoic acid, (Z)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid, and (E)-3-methyl-2-heptenoic acid. Each of the synthetic acids was active individually for males, and combinations of two or more of the acid pheromones had an additive effect. Upwind flight responses to natural and synthetic pheromones were observed in a flight tunnel. (Z)-3-Methyl-2-heptenoic acid was previously identified as the sex pheromone for the relatedC. analis, but this and the other four acid pheromones fromC. maculatus were inactive for maleC. analis. There was no cross-attraction betweenC. maculatus andC. analis in reciprocal studies using extracted volatiles from females of both species, GC-MS analysis ofC. analis female volatiles failed to detect any of theC. maculatus compounds but did find an unidentified C-8 acid with a GC retention time different from any of theC. maculatus pheromones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029543
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