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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-03-23
    Description: Die Arbeitstagung \glqq Scientific Computing in der Medizin\grqq , kurz SCMED \grq 97, findet vom 22. - 23. September 1997 im neu errichteten Gebäude des Konrad-Zuse-Zentrums auf dem Dahlemer naturwissenschaftlichen Campus der Freien Universtät Berlin statt.
    Keywords: ddc:000
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/postscript
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Tissue ablation ; laser/tissue interaction ; shortpulsed lasers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basis for most laser applications in neurosurgery is the conversion of laser light into heat when the incident laser beam is absorbed by the tissue. Irradiation of neural tissue with laser light therefore leads to its thermal damage. However, due to the diffusion of heat energy into the surrounding tissue, often there is thermal damage to neural tissue outside the area of the target volume. These are the characteristics of thermal laser/tissue interaction. In this paper we discuss how we used three different short-pulsed lasers to achieve non-thermal ablation of neural tissue. Three different short-pulsed lasers were used to generate ultrashort laser pulses in the picosecond to femtosecond range. The interaction of such laser pulses with tissue was predicted to be nonthermal. The short-pulsed lasers were used for the ablation of neural tissue using an in vitro calf brain model. The histopathological examination of the lesions revealed that the neural tissue had been removed very precisely without any sign of thermal damage to the surrounding tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 805 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A survey of novel microscopic approaches for structural and functional analysis of subnucleolar compartments will be presented. Research on nucleolar structure and function concentrates predominantly on two distinct types of nucleoli: (1) nucleoli present during the interphase of the cell cycle in somatic tissue culture cells and (2) nucleoli present in meiotic cells, e.g. oocytes of amphibians. These nucleoli are found during meiotic prophase of oogenesis and are functional during several months of the diplotene stage of oogenesis. A further characteristic is the fact that these nucleoli are extra-chromosomal, since they originate by selective ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplification during the early pachytene stage of oogenesis. Miller-type chromatin spread preparations using transcriptionally active nucleoli, to a major part, contributed to our understanding of the structural organization of polymerase I directed pre-rRNA transcription. Although the structural organization of the template-associated pre-rRNA transcript is known in some detail from chromatin spreads, relatively little is known about structural aspects of pre-rRNA processing. In order to investigate this intriguing question in more detail, we have developed a computer-based densitometry analysis of both template-associated and template-dissociated pre-rRNA transcripts in order to follow the structural modification of pre-rRNA transcripts during processing. Another line of experiments is devoted to the in situ structure of actively transcribing genes in the nucleolus. In order to bridge the gap between light microscopy and electron microscopy we started video-enhanced light microscopical analysis of actively transcribing genes. Although the dimensions of individual spread genes are critical for detection by optical microscopy, we succeeded in obtaining the first series of images of transcribing genes in their ’native’ hydrated state. An additional promising type of microscopy is transmission X-ray microscopy. Recent progress in instrumentation as well as in sample preparation has allowed us to obtain the first images of density distribution within intact, fully hydrated nucleoli using amplitude-contrast and/or phase-contrast X-ray microscopy of non-contrasted, fully hydrated nucleoli at different states of transcriptional activity. Whereas the above mentioned investigations using video microscopy and X-ray microscopy are predominantly applicable to the analysis of amplified nucleoli in amphibian oocytes, which are characterized by an extremely high transcription rate of 80–90% of rDNA genes per individual nucleolus, structural analysis of the in situ arrangement of actively transcribing genes in somatic nucleoli as present in the interphase nucleus is far more difficult to perform, mainly due to the much lower number of simultaneously transcribed active genes per individual nucleolus. Visualization of actively transcribed gene clusters is approached by an integrated experimental assay using video microscopy, confocal laser scan microscopy, and antibodies against specific nucleolar proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 36 (1996), S. 737-743 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Therapieplanung ; Chemotherapie ; Finite-Elemente-Methode ; Key words Treatment planning ; Chemotherapy ; Finite elements method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A treatment planning system for stereotactical neurosurgery has been developed. A modular system has been designed which is readily extendable. Different modalities of tomography (CT, MRI) can be correlated and presented simultaneously in transverse, frontal and sagittal reconstructions. The volumes of interest are segmented with respect to the different modalities, and the positions of the catheters are defined. The calculation of dose must be adapted to the physical requirements of the therapy and is designed as an independent process. The calculated data are shown in various presentations. The treatment planning system is applied to intratumoral chemotherapy. The drug is encapsulated in small carriers for prolonged release and injected via catheters directly into the tumor interstitium, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. The dose is calculated using the time-dependent, three-dimensional finite elements method. To achieve homogeneous temporal and spatial drug distribution it is necessary to use a great number of catheters due to the limited diffusion of drug, which is not practical in neurosurgery. Therefore this therapy concept is useful for small volumes only. Interstitial hyperthermia and brachytherapy, in contrast to intratumoral chemotherapy, show successful clinical results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird ein Therapieplanungssystem für stereotaktische Anwendungen in der Neurochirurgie vorgestellt. Das Planungssystem ist als ein modulares, leicht erweiterbares Programmpaket realisiert, mit dem man Tomographieaufnahmen verschiedener Modalitäten (CT, MRT) korreliert und darstellt, Tumor und Risikoorgane segmentiert und Katheterpositionen definiert. Für unterschiedliche Therapieformen wie interstitielle Hyperthermie, intratumorale Chemotherapie oder Brachytherapie sind die Dosisberechnungen als ein eigenständiges Programm konzipiert worden. Die berechneten Ergebnisse werden in verschiedenen Darstellungen präsentiert. Eine Anwendung für das Therapieplanungssystem ist die intratumorale Chemotherapie. Bei dieser Therapie ist der Wirkstoff in Carrier verkapselt und wird über Katheter direkt in das Tumorgewebe appliziert. Die Dosisberechnung erfolgt mit der zeitabhängigen, dreidimensionalen Finite-Elemente-Methode. Die zeitliche und räumliche Darstellung der Wirkstoffverteilung zeigt, daß die intratumorale Chemotherapie aufgrund der großen Zahl an Kathetern nicht bei größeren Tumoren anwendbar ist. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigt die interstitielle Hyperthermie und die Brachytherapie auch bei größeren Tumoren gute klinische Ergebnisse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter 3D-Bestrahlungsplanung ; Minimal-invasive Verfahren ; Konformierende Bestrahlung ; Bildkorrelation ; Stereotaxie ; Radiochirurgie ; Key words 3-D planning of radiation treatment ; Minimally invasive procedures ; Conformal radiation ; Image correlation ; Stereotaxy ; Radiosurgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Modern imaging techniques are a substantial part of treatment planning for minimally invasive radiotherapeutic procedures. The aim is three-dimensional assessment of the target volume and adjacent critical structures. In this paper, we report on our clinical experience with a precise system for stereotactic image correlation. Hereby, the advantages of each imaging modality can be combined. Precise immobilization of the patient is a prerequisite. The immobilization method has an accuracy of less than 1 mm. This method was evaluated in a clinical study in which a tumor control rate of 93 % was achieved in patients with brain metastases after stereotactic single high dose radiotherapy. This indicated the excellent reliability of this treatment planning method. The integration of functional image information, such as blood flow or activation of cerebral cortical areas, will be evaluated in the future.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die modernen bildgebenden Verfahren spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Planung minimal-invasiver Bestrahlungsverfahren. Ziel ist die präzise dreidimensionale (3D-) Erfassung des Zielvolumens und der umgebenden kritischen Strukturen. In diesem Beitrag werden Verfahren zur präzisen stereotaktischen Bildkorrelation für die Bestrahlungsplanung beschrieben. Durch diese Technik können die Vorzüge der einzelnen bildgebenden Verfahren kombiniert werden. Die reproduzierbare Lagerung ist hierfür eine Grundvoraussetzung. Das beschriebene Immobilisationsverfahren hat eine Genauigkeit von weniger als 1 mm. Der klinische Einsatz bei der stereotaktischen Einzeithochdosisbestrahlung, der sog. Radiochirurgie, bei Patienten mit Hirnmetastasen zeigte eine Tumorkontrollrate von 93 % und belegt damit die Zuverlässigkeit der Methode. Es muß in Zukunft evaluiert werden, wie auch funktionelle Meßgrößen in die Bestrahlungsplanung einbezogen werden können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 38 (1998), S. 228-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Key words Intensity modulation • Inverse three-dimensional radiotherapy planning • Compensators • MLC • Optimization ; Schlüsselwörter Intensitätsmodulation • Inverse dreidimensionale Strahlentherapieplanung • Kompensatoren • MLC • Optimierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine wesentliche Verbesserung in der konformierenden Strahlentherapie ist mit Hilfe von modulierten Strahlenfeldern zu erreichen. Diese können auch bei herkömmlichen Beschleunigern mittels individueller Metallkompensatoren oder durch neuerdings verfügbare dynamische Multileaf-Kollimatoren (MLC) erzeugt werden. Für die Bestrahlungsplanung ist ein neuartiges Planungsprogramm erforderlich, das die 2 D-Intensitätsmatrizen für jedes Photonenfeld berechnen kann. Am DKFZ wurde ein solches Programm unter dem Namen „KonRad“ (Konformierende Radiotherapie) entwickelt. Es handelt sich hierbei zwar um eine eigenständige Applikation, doch ist diese für den klinischen Einsatz als Ergänzung zu einem schon vorhandenen Planungssystem gedacht. Diese sog. inverse Planung unterscheidet sich von der herkömmlichen 3 D-Planung wesentlich dadurch, daß sie das bisher erforderliche Ausprobieren verschiedener Feldeinstellungen weitgehend vermeidet und dem Strahlentherapeuten die Möglichkeit eröffnet, seine medizinisch orientierten Kriterien wie Solldosis im Zielvolumen, Höchstdosiswerte in den einzelnen Risikoorganen und deren jeweilige Gewichtung unmittelbar vorzugeben. Darüber hinaus gestattet es die sog. DVH-Optimierung, daß insbesondere bei parallel organisierten Organen bewußt teilweise Überdosierungen hingenommen werden, um insgesamt ein besseres Planungsergebnis zu erzielen. Dank einer sehr schnellen Dosisberechnung in Verbindung mit einem rasch konvergierenden Gradientenoptimierungsverfahren und einer intuitiv zu verwendenden Benutzerschnittstelle ist ein flüssiges, interaktives Planen möglich, so daß ein typischer Plan nicht nur auf einer Workstation, sondern ebensogut auf einem PC in wenigen Minuten erstellt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary Substantial improvement in conformal radiotherapy is possible using modulated irradiation fields. Such modulated fields may be generated even with conventional accelerators by means of individual metal compensators or with the recently available dynamic multileaf collimators (MLC). For treatment planning a new kind of planning program is required that can calculate the 2 D-intensity matrices for each photon field. At the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum) such a program has been developed under the name of “KonRad” (Conformal Radiotherapy). Although it is an independent application, it is proposed for clinical usage to supplement a planning system that is already present. So-called inverse planning differs from conventional 3 D planning, as the trial-and-error approach for finding good field parameters is nearly completely avoided. Instead, the radio-oncologist is given the chance directly to specify medically oriented criteria like the prescription dose in the target volume, maximal tolerance dose values for each organ at risk and their weighting factors. In addition, the so-called DVH optimization allows aimed, partial overdosage, especially in parallelly structured organs in order to obtain better overall planning results. Because of very fast dose calculation in connection with rapidly converging gradient optimization and an intuitive user interface, the planning is done in a comfortable and interactive manner. Using a workstation or a PC, a typical plan can be created within a few minutes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Adenoma reversion ; Colectomy ; Dysplasia reversion ; FAP ; Familial adenomatous polyposis ; Low-dose maintenance therapy ; NSAID ; Prostaglandins ; Sulindac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This nonrandomized, controlled Phase II pilot study aims at the lowest effective dose of rectally applied sulindac to achieve and maintain adenoma reversion in colectomized patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). METHODS: The study group (n = 15) underwent proctoscopic and laboratory follow-up for polyp reversion every 6 to 12 weeks. Polyp reversion was followed by dose reduction in predefined steps. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen/cyclin (PCNA) and KI-67 proliferation indices (PI) were performed by point counting. Prostaglandin (PG)E2 and PGF2α were quantified by time-resolved competitive fluorescence immunoassay. RESULTS: All patients responded to therapy within 6 to 24 weeks. Sixty and 87 percent of patients achieved complete adenoma reversion after 48 weeks at 53 and 67 mg of sulindac per day per patient on average, respectively. Reversion was evident compared with the control group. Dose reduction by one-sixth to one-eighth of the usual oral dose was significant (Mann's trend test,P 〈 0.05). PCNA and KI-67 Pls of adenomatous and flat mucosa were significantly reduced (Wilcoxon's test,P 〈0.05). Correlation of PCNA and KI-67 Pls indicate similar reaction of different tissue structures (Spearman's rank correlation test,P 〈0.01). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced redifferentiation from high-grade to low-grade dysplasia occurred in all but two patients. Tissue-PGE2 levels were greatly reduced. Unwanted, curable side effects were rare (gastritis,n =2), and laboratory controls are within detection limits. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose rectal sulindac maintenance therapy is highly effective in achieving complete adenoma reversion without relapse in 87 percent of patients after 33 months. Rectal FAP phenotype should be crucial for the surgical decision. Colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and regular chemoprevention might proceed to be a promising alternative to pouch procedures. Chemoprevention with lower incidence of FAP-related tumors via dysplasia reversion may be possible in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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