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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of effective dipole and monopole moments of magnetic force microscopy tips (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 3410-3417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present experimental results on the characterization of commercially available magnetic force microscopy (MFM) thin film tips as a function of an external magnetic field. Well defined magnetic stray fields are produced using current carrying rings with radii ranging between 603 and 2369 nm fabricated by electron-beam lithography directly imaged by MFM. Treating the MFM tip as a point probe, the analysis of the image contrast as a function of both the magnetic stray field and the lift height allows for a quantitative determination of effective magnetic dipole and monopole moments of the tip as well as their imaginary location within the real physical tip. Our systematic study gives a quantitative relationship on how absolute values of the magnetic dipole and monopole moments and their location within the tip depend on a characteristic decay length of the z component of the magnetic field being detected. From this we can estimate the effective tip volume of the real physical thin film tip relevant in MFM imaging. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371222
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ease of wound closure as an endpoint of treatment efficacy (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Wound repair and regeneration 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1524-475X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: New treatments for chronic wounds require carefully performed clinical trials with significant endpoints. Total wound closure is the only endpoint currently accepted by the Food and Drug Administration. This study describes a scale that measures ease of wound closure and applies it to a four-arm prospectively randomized, blinded pressure ulcer trial of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Following validation of interrater reliability, 83 evaluable subjects' photographs were given a weekly ease of closure score by four raters blinded to treatment. The change of ease of closure score was correlated with the change of wound area and volume. Each ease of closure score was given a procedural cost. Results showed ease of closure did not directly correlate with either wound area or volume, suggesting that it was measuring additional information. The mean change in ease of closure score was 6 for subjects treated with 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB daily; 5 for those treated with 300 μg growth factor daily or 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB bid; and 4 for those treated with placebo. The cost savings ranged from $7200 for the group receiving 100 μg recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB daily to $6300 for the controls. Outcomes in all 4 groups were significantly improved from their starting evaluation (p 〈 0.001). Based on this study, ease of closure is a verifiable endpoint that can be related to cost efficiency and may be a measure of efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1999.00090.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and characterization of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 5474-5474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the preparation and characterization of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures designed as possible candidates for a future application in magnetic data storage technology. The nanostructures are prepared on glass substrates by UHV electron beam evaporation of Fe, Co, or Co/Pt onto periodically patterned photoresist masks followed by a lift-off of the photoresist. The preceding patterning process of the photoresist is achieved by using an interference lithography process in combination with subsequent selective etching. For the exposure of the photoresist, we use two different experimental setups with Ar ion lasers operating at wavelengths of 457 and 244 nm, respectively. This allows us to control diameter as well as distances between magnetic dots ranging between 300 and 3000 nm. The structural characterization of magnetic nanostructures is performed by electron microscopy as well as atomic force microscopy. Magnetic force microscopy along with additional image calculations based on dipole–dipole interaction between a magnetic tip and a magnetic dot allows for an interpretation of the magnetic properties of single magnetic dots. Accompanying work focuses on comparable nanostructures of smaller sized samples prepared by electron-beam lithography. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364630
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large moment fluctuations in Fe–Ni anti-Invar (abstract) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 3876-3876 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Contrary to the Invar effect, which is a volume enhancement in a magnetically ordered state and which is characterized by a smaller than normal thermal expansion coefficient (α), the anti-Invar effect is a volume enhancement in a paramagnetic state and is characterized by a larger than normal α. Both are caused by large anharmonicities due to the presence of moment fluctuations. The Invar effect occurs only in alloys, whereas the anti-Invar effect is observed in elements like fcc-Fe and fcc-Mn as well as in their alloys with other 3D elements. This property poses the anti-Invar effect as being more fundamental than the Invar effect. In order to understand the properties of moment fluctuations in anti-Invar, we have carried out temperature dependent paramagnetic neutron scattering experiments with 3D polarization analysis on Fe100−xNix alloys (x=10, 15, 20, 25 at. %) in their high temperature fcc states (500〈T〈1100 K) where they exhibit anti-Invar properties. At lower temperatures, these alloys undergo martensitic transformations into the bcc phase. The results show strong magnetic scattering in the forward direction in all alloys, even at temperatures as high as 1100 K, indicating ferromagnetic correlations, although no long range ferromagnetic ordering occurs in any of these alloys. The magnetic cross section decreases with increasing temperature for x=20 and 25 at. % (500〈T〈1100 K), and shows the unusual behavior of remaining constant with temperature for x=15 at. % and increases with increasing temperature for x=10 at. % (700〈T 〈1100 K). These observations are discussed by taking into account the competing effects of increasing lattice vibrational amplitude with increasing temperature, favoring the weakening of the correlations, and the anti-Invar property of the increase of the local magnetic moment with increasing temperature, favoring the strengthening of the magnetic correlations. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364900
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fabrication of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 1753-1757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the fabrication of large scale periodic magnetic nanostructures designed as possible candidates for a future application in magnetic data storage technology. The nanostructures are prepared on glass substrates by electron beam evaporation of Fe or Co onto photoresist masks, which are periodically patterned using optical interference lithography with an Ar+ laser (λ=457.8 nm) in combination with subsequent selective etching. We present our first results on the fabrication of periodic arrays of isolated magnetic dots with an average diameter of 600 nm and periodicity of 900 nm over areas of 5 cm2. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366895
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Condensation of Keggin Anions Containing Chromium(III) and Aluminum(III), Respectively. 1. Synthesis and X-ray Structural Determination of [{A-.alpha.-SiO4W9O30(OH)3Cr3}2(OH)3]11- (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 34 (1995), S. 5029-5036 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00124a018
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexity and Algorithms for Graph and Hypergraph Sandwich Problems (1998)
    Springer
    Graphs and combinatorics 14 (1998), S. 223-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5914
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  The ℱ Hypergraph Sandwich Problem (ℱHSP) is introduced here as follows: Given two hypergraphs H 1=(X,ℰ1) and H 2=(X,ℰ2) where ℰ1={E 1 1,…,E m 1}, ℰ2={E 1 2,…,E m 2} and E i 1⊆E i 2 for all 1≤i≤m, is there a hypergraph H=(X,ℰ) with ℰ={E 1,…,E m } such that E i 1⊆E i ⊆E i 2 for all 1≤i≤m which belongs to a specified hypergraph family ℱ? Hypergraph sandwich problems for several properties studied here occur in a variety of important applications.  We prove the NP-completeness of the Interval HSP and the Circular-arc HSP. This corresponds to the problem of deciding whether a partially specified (0,1)-valued matrix can be filled in such that the resulting 0/1 matrix has the consecutive ones property, (resp., circular ones property). The consecutive ones property arises in databases and in DNA physical mapping. Further results shown are a set of conditions relating interval hypergraphs with acyclic hypergraphs.  Finally, the k-tree graph sandwich problem is studied. The general problem is shown to be NP-complete and the fixed k version is given a polynomial algorithm. Both problems are based on solutions to the corresponding partial k-tree recognition problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003730050028
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of atomic order on [110] phonon softening [4] and displacive phase transition in Invar alloys (1999)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 10 (1999), S. 641-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion - 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions - 65.40.+g Heat capacities of solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: The acoustic phonon dispersions of two Invar crystals , one ordered with the ( ) structure, the other disordered fcc, have been investigated between 3.4 K and 470 K by inelastic and elastic neutron scattering. For the ordered crystal, pronounced softening of the whole phonon branch is observed on cooling below the Curie temperature. Particularly strong phonon softening at the M-point zone boundary of the structure leads to a displacive, antiferrodistortive phase transition at low temperatures. For the disordered crystal, much weaker softening of the phonons is observed and restricted to the region near the Brillouin zone center, where increasing elastic scattering with decreasing temperature indicates the growth of local tetragonal strain. This strain is considered as a typical precursor of the transformation to bct martensite. Specific heat measurements, performed at low temperatures on both crystals confirm the neutron scattering results and reveal considerable enhancement of the low energy phonon density of states in the ordered crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050896
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resource Bounded Belief Revision (1999)
    Springer
    Erkenntnis 50 (1999), S. 429-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8420
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The AGM paradigm for belief revision provides a very elegant and powerful framework for reasoning about idealized agents. The paradigm assumes that the modeled agent is a perfect reasoner with infinite memory. In this paper we propose a framework to reason about non-ideal agents that generalizes the AGM paradigm. We first introduce a structure to represent an agent's belief states that distinguishes different status of beliefs according to whether or not they are explicitly represented, whether they are currently active and whether they are fully accepted or provisional. Then we define a set of basic operations that change the status of beliefs and show how these operations can be used to model agents with different capacities. We also show how different operations of belief change described in the literature can be seen as special cases of our theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005565603303
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exact groups and continuous bundles of C*-algebras (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 315 (1999), S. 169-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Keywords: Mathematics Subject Classification (1991):46L55, 46L06, 22D25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002080050364
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