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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Histochemistry ; hyperosmolality ; mRNA ; nitric oxide ; oxytocin ; paraventricular nucleus ; supraoptic nucleus ; vasopressin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) is known to be elevated in patients with uncontrolled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who have plasma hyperosmolality with hyperglycaemia. Although osmotic stimuli cause an increase in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity as well as synthesis of AVP and oxytocin in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON), it is not known whether NOS activity in the hypothalamus changes in the diabetic patients who have plasma hyperosmolality with hyperglycaemia caused by insulin deficiency. Expression of the neuronal (n) NOS gene in the PVN and SON in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated by using in situ hybridization histochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining. Four weeks after intraperitoneal (i. p.) administration of STZ, male Wistar rats developed hyperglycaemia and plasma hyperosmolality. The expression of nNOS gene and NADPH-diaphorase staining in the PVN and SON remarkably increased in STZ-induced diabetic rats compared to control rats. Three weeks after administration of STZ, the diabetic rats were subcutaneously treated with insulin for 1 week, which resulted in significant suppression of the induction of nNOS, AVP and oxytocin gene expression in the PVN and SON. Furthermore, the induction of nNOS gene expression in the PVN and SON was suppressed in STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with phlorizin and diet to normalize hyperglycaemia without insulin treatment. These results suggest that upregulation of nNOS gene expression as well as AVP and oxytocin gene expression in the PVN and SON in STZ-induced diabetic rats may be associated with hyperglycaemia and plamsa hyperosmolality. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 640–648]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 10 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of rats, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)causes an increase in [Ca2+]i, and stimulates somatodendritic vasopressin (VP) release. In this report, to elucidate the ionic mechanism of the action of PACAP, membrane potentials and ionic currents were measured from SON neurones in slice preparations or from dissociated SON neurones. In the current clamp mode, PACAP depolarized membrane potentials of both phasic and non-phasic neurones and increased the firing rate. Moreover, simultaneous measurements of membrane potentials and [Ca2+]i revealed that the membrane depolarization correlated well with increases in [Ca2+]i. In the voltage-clamp mode, PACAP induced inward currents at a holding potential of −70 or −80 mV in a dose-dependent manner and the time course of the currents was similar to that of the PACAP-induced membrane depolarization. The averaged reversal potential of the PACAP-induced currents obtained from dissociated SON neurones was −33 mV, which was close to the reversal potential of non-selective cation currents in SON neurones. The currents were rapidly and reversibly inhibited by a cation-channel blocker, gadolinium. Analysis of synaptic inputs into SON neurones in slice preparations revealed that PACAP had little or no effects on the frequency of spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents. These results suggest that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) activates PACAPreceptors in the postsynaptic membrane of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurones, and that the activation of PACAP receptors leads to opening of non-selective cation channels, depolarization of the membrane potential, and increase in the firing rate in SON neurones. Such mechanisms may account for the PACAP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i and vasopressin (VP) release observed in SON neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 23 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Twenty clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were examined to elucidate the virulence factors which are directly related to lethality in a mouse septic model. Heat or formalin treatment of the organism abolished the lethal activity of the live organism during challenge intravenously administered via the tail vein. Nevertheless, injection of ten times concentrated culture supernatant fluid (SUP) showed lethal activity in the mouse. However, there was no lethality when SUP was heated at 60°C for 15 min. To examine variations of SUP lethality among strains, we collected 20 strains of S. aureus from four different hospitals. Then, we compared several factors for SUP lethality, which were the extracellular toxins and enzymes, such as toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, enterotoxin A, B, D, and hemolysins (α,β,γ), and also cytotoxic activity to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and Vero cells. No difference was found among these factors except cytotoxic activity to Vero cells. Furthermore, we compared two strains in a mouse septic model according to the grade of bacteremia and lethal events. We found that mortality was higher with challenge by the strain whose SUP was lethal in comparison to the strain whose SUP was not lethal, even though the viable bacteria counts in the septic blood in both strains were not significantly different. This strongly supports the possibility that extracellular products, not the cell wall components, of S. aureus play the key role in the lethal event in this mouse septic model. In addition, among the extracellular products, those which have cytotoxic activity to Vero cells may contribute to the lethality in sepsis caused by S. aureus in this murine model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 6 (1999), S. 451-452 
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 6 (1999), S. 453-454 
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Olfactory nerve ; Neural growth-associated protein ; Neural cell adhesion molecule ; Synaptosomal-associated protein ; Neural regeneration ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP-25), neural growth-associated protein (GAP-43) and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) were studied in mouse olfactory cells and axons for 2 weeks following unilateral bulbectomy. The olfactory cells and axons in the control olfactory epithelium were positive for SNAP-25 but levels decreased in the atrophic olfactory epithelium 3 days after bulbectomy. There was no expression of SNAP-25 in the olfactory epithelium on the bulbectomy side 7 days after bulbectomy, indicating that this protein may be a good marker for the degeneration of olfactory cells. The expression of NCAM was still found in the atrophic olfactory epithelium at 7 days after bulbectomy, while the expression of NCAM in the olfactory epithelium of the bulbectomy side was stronger than that on the control side at 14 days after bulbectomy. The expression of GAP-43 in the olfactory axonal bundles of the bulbectomy side at 3 and 4 days after bulbectomy was stronger than that on the control side. These results suggest that upregulation of NCAM may be related to the regeneration of the olfactory cells, with upregulation of GAP-43 probably playing a role in axonal regeneration after bulbectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Magnetoencephalography ; Superconductivity quantum interference device ; Tactile stimulation ; Facial and oral sensation ; Reconstructive head and neck surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a procedure that analyzes the magnetic responses of neurons. An MEG system with a 37-channel superconductivity quantum interference device (SQUID) was used to record magnetic signals from the human brain in response to tactile stimulations of the face and oral cavity. Six normal individuals were studied as well as three patients who had undergone hemiglossectomies as treatment for carcinoma of the tongue and reconstruction with a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. When the locations of the magnetic responses having latencies of 40 ms from onset of tactile stimulation were identified, these corresponded to the primary somatosensory cortex. In patients whose tongues had been reconstructed with a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, the magnetic response upon stimulation of the flap was recorded in a sensory cortical area identical to that corresponding to the tongue. MEG systems such as the one described permit functional mapping of the cerebral cortex on stimulating the face and oral cavity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Vibratory sensation ; Local vibration exposure ; Temporary threshold shift ; Broad-band vibration ; Vibration syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight healthy subjects were exposed to three 1/3 octave-band vibrations (63, 200, and 500 Hz) by hand clasping a vibrated handle in a soundproof and thermoregulated room. The vibratory sensation threshold at 125 Hz was measured before and after the vibration exposure at an exposed fingertip. According to a preceding study, we first determined the relationship between the acceleration of the vibration and the temporary threshold shift of vibratory sensation immediately after the vibratory exposure (TTSv, 0) induced by 1/3 octave-band vibration. We then measured TTSv after the exposure to a composite vibration composed of two 1/3 octave-band vibrations that might induce an equal magnitude of TTSv, 0 on the basis of the above relationship. The TTSv, 0 induced by the composite vibration was not larger than the TTSv, 0 induced by the component vibrations. This result suggests that the component of the vibration inducing the largest TTSv, 0 determines the TTSv, 0 by broad-band random vibration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 68 (1996), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Vibratory sensation ; Local vibration exposure ; Temporary threshold shift ; Broad-band vibration ; Vibration syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight healthy subjects were exposed to three 1/3 octave-band vibrations (63, 200, and 500 Hz) by hand clasping a vibrated handle in a soundproof and thermoregulated room. The vibratory sensation threshold at 125 Hz was measured before and after the vibration exposure at an exposed fingertip. According to a preceding study, we first determined the relationship between the acceleration of the vibration and the temporary threshold shift of vibratory sensation immediately after the vibratory exposure (TTSv,0) induced by 1/3 octave-band vibration. We then measured TTSv after the exposure to a composite vibration composed of two 1/3 octave-band vibrations that might induce an equal magnitude of TTSv,0 on the basis of the above relationship. The TTSv,0 induced by the composite vibration was not larger than the TTSv,0 induced by the component vibrations. This result suggests that the component of the vibration inducing the largest TTSv,0 determines the TTSv,0 by broad-band random vibration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1996), S. 45-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Vibratory sensation ; Vibration exposure ; Threshold shift ; Temporary threshold shift ; Gripping force
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract ⋅Objective This study examines the effect of the force with which a vibrating handle is gripped on the temporary threshold shift of vibratory sensation (TTSv) induced by hand-arm vibration. ⋅  Methods Six healthy subjects gripped a handle vibrating with a 1/3 octave-band vibration, with a central frequency of 200 Hz and an intensity of 39.2 m/s2. Exposure was for 1 min and 10 min, respectively. Gripping forces for the 1-min exposure were 5 N, 10 N, 40 N and 80 N, respectively, with 0 N push-pull force. Gripping forces for the 10-min exposure were the same as for the 1-min exposure, but omitting 80 N. The vibratory sensation threshold at 125 Hz was measured before and after exposure of an exposed fingertip to vibration. The differences measured determine TTS v,t at time t. TTS v,t determines TTSv,0, that is, the temporary threshold shift of vibratory sensation immediately after exposure to vibration according to the estimate made on the basis of the preceding study. The same experimental conditions were repeated 3 times on different days in a soundproof and thermoregulated room. ⋅  Results Our findings show that TTSv increases significantly with increasing gripping force. We also determined the quantitative relationships between TTSv,0 and gripping force as described by the equation where k f and c f are constants and F is gripping force. ⋅  Conclusion This study revealed the importance of ergonomic design in reducing the force with which a vibrating handle is gripped to prevent an adverse effect of local vibration. The equation devised may help in the quantitative assessment of the effect of reduced gripping force.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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