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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 10 (1991), S. 340-358 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: ribonuclease A ; crambin ; conformational disorder ; protein crystallography ; simulated annealing ; X-ray refinement ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conformational disorder in crystal structures of ribonuclease-A and crambin is studied by including two independent structures in least-squares optimizations against X-ray data. The optimizations are carried out by X-ray restrained molecular dynamics (simulated annealing refinement) and by conventional least-squares optimization. Starting from two identical structures, the optimizations against X-ray data lead to significant deviations between the two, with rms backbone displacements of 0.45 Å for refinement of ribonuclease at 1.53 Å resolution, and 0.31 Å for crambin at 0.945 Å. More than 15 independent X-ray restrained molecular dynamics runs have been carried out for ribonuclease, and the displacements between the resulting structures are highly reproducible for most atoms. These include residues with two or more conformations with significant dihedral angle differences and alternative hydrogen bonding, as well as groups of residues that undergo displacements that are suggestive of rigid-body librations. The crystallographic R-values obtained are ≈ 13%, as compared to 15.3% for a comparable refinement with a single structure. Least-squares optimization without an intervening restrained molecular dynamics stage is sufficient to reproduce most of the observed displacements. Similar results are obtained for crambin, where the higher resolution of the X-ray data allows for refinement of unconstrained individual anisotropic temperature factors. These are shown to be correlated with the displacements in the two-structure refinements.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 11 (1991), S. 205-217 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: molecular dynamics ; normal modes ; collective motions ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method is described for identifying collective motions in proteins from molecular dynamics trajectories or normal mode simulations. The method makes use of the covariances of atomic positional fluctuations. It is illustrated by an analysis of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Comparison of the covariance and cross-correlation matrices shows that the relative motions have many similar features in the different simulations. Many regions of the protein, especially regions of secondary structure, move in a correlated manner. Anharmonic effects, which are included in the molecular dynamics simulations but not in the normal analysis, are of some importance in determining the larger scale collective motions, but not the more local fluctuations. Comparisons of molecular dynamics simulations in the present and absence of solvent indicate that the environment is of significance for the long-range motions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 15 (1993), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: disulfide bonds ; protein stability ; entropy of proteins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The vibrational entropy of native BPTI, with three disulfide bonds, was determined by use of normal mode calculations and compared with that of folded variants having either one less disulfide bond or lacking a peptide bond at the trypsin-reactive site. Favorable contributions to the free energy of 2.5-5.1 kcal/mol at 300 K were calculated for the reduction of disulfide bonds in the folded state, whereas no favorable contribution was found for the hydrolysis of the peptide bond cleaved by trypsin. This is on the order of the effect of disulfides in the unfolded state. The implications of these results for the stabilization of a folded protein by the introduction of crosslinks are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 11 (1991), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: drug-design ; ligand-binding ; hemagglutinin ; functional groups ; MCSS ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A new method is proposed for determining energetically favorable positions and orientations for functional groups on the surface of proteins with known three-dimensional structure. From 1,000 to 5,000 copies of a functional group are randomly placed in the site and subjected to simultaneous energy minimization and/or quenched molecular dynamics. The resulting functionality maps of a protein receptor site, which can take account of its flexibility, can be used for the analysis of protein ligand interactions and rational drug design. Application of the method to the sialic acid binding site of the influenza coat protein, hemagglutinin, yields functional group minima that correspond with those of the ligand in a cocrystal structure.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 12 (1992), S. 237-265 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: β-sheet-coil transition ; β-hairpin ; Langevin dynamics ; equilibrium properties ; quasiparticle ; effective potential ; autocorrelations ; cross-correlations ; time histories ; rate constants ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simplified model of a polypeptide chain is used to study the dynamics of the β-sheet-coil transition. Each amino acid residue is treated as a single quasiparticle in an effective potential that approximates the potential of mean force in solution. The model is used to study the equilibrium and dynamic aspects of the sheet-coil transition. Systems studied include ones with both strands free to move (two-strand sheet), and ones with either strand fixed in position (multistrand sheet). The equilibrium properties examined include sheet-coil equilibrium constants and their dependence on chain position. Dynamic properties are investigated by a stochastic simulation of the Brownian motion of the chain in its solvent surroundings. Time histories of the dihedral angles and residue-residue cross-strand distances are used to study the behavior of the sheet structure. Auto-and cross-correlation functions are calculated from the time histories with relaxation times of tens to hundreds of picoseconds. Sheet-coil rate constants of tens of ns-1 were found for the fixed strand cases.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 19 (1994), S. 199-221 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: multicopy simulation search ; rational drug design ; database search ; computer-aided design ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A program (HOOK) is described for generating potential ligands that satisfy the chemical and steric requirements of the binding region of a macromolecule. Functional group sites with defined positions and orientations are derived from known ligand structures or the multicopy simulation search (MCSS) method (Miranker, A., Karplus, M. Proteins 11:29-34, 1991). HOOK places molecular “skeletons” from a database into the protein binding region by making bonds between sites (“hooks”) on the skeleton and functional groups. The nonpolar interactions with the binding region of candidate molecules are assessed by use of a simplified van der Waals potential. The method is illustrated by constructing ligands for the sialic acid binding site of the hemagglutinin from the influenza A virus and the active site of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Aspects of the HOOK program that lead to a highly efficient search of 105 or more skeletons for binding to 102 or more functional group minima are outlined. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 20 (1994), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: hemodynamic integration ; RISM theory ; alchemical path ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A theoretical analysis is made of the decomposition into contributions from individual interactions of the free energy calculated by thermodynamic integration. It is demonstrated that such a decomposition, often referred to as “component analysis,” is meaningful, even though it is a function of the integration path. Moreover, it is shown that the path dependence can be used to determine the relation of the contribution of a given interaction to the state of the system.To illustrate these conclusions, a simple transformation(Cl- to Br- in aqueous solution) is analyzed by use of the Reference Interaction Site Model-Hypernetted Chain Closure integral equation approach; it avoids the calculational difficulties of macromolecular simulation while retaining their conceptual complexity. The difference in the solvation free energy between chloride and bromide is calculated, and the contributions of the Lennard-Jones and electrostatic terms in the potential function are analyzed by the use of suitably chosen integration paths. The model is also used to examine the path dependence of individual contributions to the double free energy differences (ΔΔG or ΔΔA) that are often employed in free energy simulations of biological systems. The alchemical path, as contrasted with the experimental path, is shown to be appropriate for interpreting the effects of mutations on ligand binding and protein stability. The formulation is used to obtain a better understanding of the success of the Poisson-Boltzmann continuum approach for determining the solvation properties of polar and ionic systems. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 16 (1993), S. 172-194 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: serine protease ; active site solvation ; stochastic simulation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The motions of water molecules, the acyl moiety, the catalytic triad, and the oxyanion binding site of acyl-chymotrypsin were studied by means of a stochastic boundary molecular dynamics simulation. A water molecule that could provide the nucleophilic OH- for the deacylation stage of the catalysis was found to be trapped between the imidazole ring of His-57 and the carbonyl carbon of the acyl group. It makes a hydrogen bond with the Nε2 of His-57 and is heldin place through a network of hydrogen-bonded water molecules in theactive site. The water molecule was found as close as 2.8 Å to the carbonyl carbon. This appears to be due to the constraints imposed by nonbonded interaction in the active site. Configurations were found in which one hydrogen of the trapped water shared a bifurcated hydrogen bond with His-57-Nε2 and Ser-195-0γ with the water oxygen very close to the carbonyl carbon. The existence of such a water molecule suggests that large movement of the His-57 imidazole ring between positions suitable for providing general-base catalyzed assistance and for providing general-acid catalyzed assistance may notbe required during the reaction. The simulation indicates that the side chains of residues involved in catalysis (i.e., His-57, Ser-195, and Asp-102) are significantly less flexible than other side chains in the protein. The 40% reduction in rms fluctuations is consistent with a comparable reduction calculated from the temperature factors obtained in the X-ray crystal-lographic data of γ-chymotrypsin. The greater rigidity of active site residues seems to result from interconnected hydrogen bonding networks among the residues and between the residues and the solvent water in the active site. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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