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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shiʿi Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980 (1993)
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    International journal of Middle East studies 25 (1993), S. 207-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7438
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science
    Notes: On 8 April 1980, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was executed. His execution arousedno criticism from the West against the Iraqi regime, however, because Sadr had openly supported the Ayatollah Khomeini's regime in Iran and because the West was distracted by the turbulence in Iran that followed the revolution. Governments both in the West and in the region were concerned that the Iranian revolution would be “exported,” and they set about eliminating that threat. When Ayatollah Khomeini called upon Muslims in Iraq to follow the example of the Iranian people and rise up against the corrupt secular Baʿthist socialist regime, they interpreted it as the first step in the spread of Islamic radicalism that would eventually lead to the destablization of the whole region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800058499
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of electroweak parameters from hadronic and leptonic decays of theZ 0 (1991)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 51 (1991), S. 179-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the reactionse + e −→hadrons,e + e −, μ+ μ− and τ+ τ−, in the energy range 88.2 $$ \leqq \sqrt s \leqq 94.2$$ GeV. A total luminosity of 5.5 pb−1, corresponding to approximately 115000 hadronic and 10000 leptonicZ 0 decays, has been recorded with the L3 detector. From a simultaneous fit to all of our measured cross section data, we obtain assuming lepton universality: $$\begin{gathered} M_z = 91.181 \pm 0.010 \pm 0.02 (LEP) GeV, \hfill \\ \Gamma _z = 2501 \pm 17 MeV, \hfill \\ \Gamma _{had} = 1742 \pm 19 MeV, \Gamma _t = 83.6 \pm 0.8 MeV. \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ If we do not assume lepton universality, we obtain for the partial decay widths of theZ 0 intoe + e − μ+ μ− and τ+ τ−: $$\begin{gathered} \Gamma _e = 83.3 \pm 1.1 MeV, \Gamma _\mu = 84.5 \pm 2.0 MeV, \hfill \\ \Gamma _\tau = 84.0 \pm 2.7 MeV. \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ From the measured ratio of the invisible and the leptonic decay widths of theZ 0, we determine the number of light neutrino species to beN v =3.05±0.10. We include our measurements of the forward-backward asymmetry for the leptonic channels in a fit to determine the vector and axial-vector neutral current coupling constants of charged leptons to theZ 0. We obtain $$\bar g_V = - 0.046_{ - 0.012}^{ + 0.015}$$ and $$\bar g_A = - 0.500 \pm 0.003$$ . In the framework of the Standard Model, we estimate the top quark mass to bem t =193 −69 +52 ±16 (Higgs) GeV, and we derive a value for the weak mixing angle of sin2θ W =1−(M W /M Z )2=0.222 ± 0.008, corresponding to an effective weak mixing angle of $$\sin ^2 \bar \theta _W = 0.2315 \pm 0.0025$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01475788
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of hadronic event structure and comparisons with QCD models at theZ 0 resonance (1992)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 55 (1992), S. 39-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of hadronic events fromZ 0 decay is studied by measuring event shape variables, factorial moments, and the energy flow distribution. The distributions, after correction for detector effects and initial and final state radiation, are compared with the predictions of different QCD Monte Carlo programs with optimized parameter values. These Monte Carlo programs use either the second order matrix element or the parton shower evolution for the perturbative QCD calculations and use the string, the cluster, or the independent fragmentation model for hadronization. Both parton shower andO(α 2 s matrix element based models with string fragmentation describe the data well. The predictions of the model based on parton shower and cluster fragmentation are also in good agreement with the data. The model with independent fragmentation gives a poor description of the energy flow distribution. The predicted energy evolutions for the mean values of thrust, sphericity, aplanarity, and charge multiplicity are compared with the data measured at different center-of-mass energies. The parton shower based models with string or cluster fragmentation are found to describe the energy dependences well while the model based on theO(α 2 s calculation fails to reproduce the energy dependences of these mean values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01558288
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Search for non-minimal Higgs bosons inZ 0 decays (1993)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 57 (1993), S. 355-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on a search for the neutral and charged Higgs bosons predicted by models of spontaneous symmetry breaking with more than one Higgs doublet field. No signals are observed. We set model-independent limits on masses or branching ratios of singly and pair-produced neutral and charged Higgs bosons. In addition, we interpret our results in the framework of a general two-doublet Higgs model and the Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01474331
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of cross sections and leptonic forward-backward asymmetries at theZ pole and determination of electroweak parameters (1994)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 62 (1994), S. 551-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on the measurement of the leptonic and hadronic cross sections and leptonic forward-backward asymmetries at theZ peak with the L3 detector at LEP. The total luminosity of 40.8 pb−1 collected in the years 1990, 1991 and 1992 corresponds to 1.09·106 hadronic and 0.98·105 leptonicZ decays observed. These data allow us to determine the electroweak parameters. From the cross sections we derive the properties of theZ boson: $$\begin{gathered} M_Z = 91195 \pm 9MeV\Gamma _{\rm Z} = 2494 \pm 10MeV \hfill \\ \Gamma _{had} = 1748 \pm 10MeV\Gamma _\ell = 83.49 \pm 0.46MeV \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ assuming lepton universality. We obtain an invisible width of Γinv=496.5±7.9 MeV which, in the Standard Model, corresponds to a number of light neutrino species ofN v=2.981±0.050. Using also the three leptonic forward-backward asymmetries and the average tau polarization, we determine the effective vector and axial-vector coupling constants of the neutral weak current to charged leptons to be: $$\bar g^\ell v = - 0.0378_{ - 0.0042}^{ + 0.0045} \bar g^\ell _A = - 0.4998 \pm 0.0014.$$ Within the framework of the Standard Model, and including our measurements of the $$Z \to b\bar b$$ forward-backward asymmetry and partial decay width, we derive an effective electroweak mixing angle of $$sin^2 \bar \theta _W = 0.2326 \pm 0.0012$$ . We obtain an estimate for the strong coupling constant, αS=0.142 ± 0.013 and for the top-quark mass,m t =158 −40 +32 ±19(Higgs) GeV, where the second error arises due to the uncertainty in the Higgs-boson mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574160
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of mycorrhizal symbiosis in Leucaena leucocephala by chlorothalonil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorothalonil ; Glomus aggregatum ; Leucaena leucocephala ; mycorrhizal effectiveness ; phosphorus ; phytotoxicity ; Tropeptic Eutrustox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the fungicide, chlorothalonil, on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis was studied in a greenhouse using Leucaena leucocephala as test plant. Chlorothalonil was applied to soil at 0, 50, 100 and 200 μg g−1. The initial soil solution P levels were 0.003 μg mL−1 (sub-optimal) and 0.026 μg mL−1 (optimal). After 4 weeks, the sub-optimal P level was raised to 0.6 μg mL−1 (high). The soil was either uninoculated or inoculated with the VAM fungus, Glomus aggregatum. The fungicide reduced mycorrhizal colonization of roots, development of mycorrhizal effectiveness, shoot P concentration and uptake and dry matter yields at all concentrations tested, although the highest inhibitory effect was noted as the concentration of the fungicide was increased from 50 to 100 μg g−1. Phosphorus applied after four weeks tended to partially offset the deleterious effects of chlorothalonil in plants grown in the inoculated and uninoculated soil which suggests that the fungicide was interfering with plant P uptake. The results suggest that the use of chlorothalonil should be restricted to levels below 50 μg g−1 if the benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis are to be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010418
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual toxicity of soil-applied chlorothalonil on mycorrhizal symbiosis in Leucaena leucocephala (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorothalonil ; Glomus aggregatum ; host growth ; Leucaena leucocephala ; mycorrhizal effectiveness ; residual toxicity ; Tropeptic Eutrustox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The residual effect of the fungicide chlorothalonil on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. The soil used was an oxisol (Tropeptic Eutrustox) treated with P to obtain target levels near-optimal for VAM activity or sufficient for nonmycorrhizal host growth. In the uninoculated soil treated with the former P level, the fungicide reduced VAM colonization of roots and completely suppressed symbiotic effectiveness measured in terms of pinnule P content. When this soil was inoculated with Glomus aggregatum, symbiotic effectiveness was significantly reduced but not eliminated by 50 mg of the fungicide kg−1. At higher chlorothalonil levels, VAM effectiveness but not VAM colonization was completely suppressed in the inoculated soil. The pattern with which chlorothalonil influenced tissue P content and dry matter yield at the time of harvest closely paralleled its effect on VAM effectiveness. In the soil treated with P level sufficient for nonmycorrhizal host growth, the adverse effect of the fungicide on the above variables was appreciably milder than when the host relied on VAM fungi for its P supply. The toxic effect of the fungicide, therefore, was partly offset by P fertilization, suggesting that VAM fungi were more sensitive to chlorothalonil than the host. Our results demonstrate that although the toxic effect of chlorothalonil declined as a function of time, a significant level of toxicity persisted 12.5 weeks after the chemical was applied to soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010603
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