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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary mixing in grasshoppers: switching induced by nutritional imbalances in foods (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; dietary mixing ; compensatory feeding ; learning ; flavors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dietary mixing by nymphs of Schistocerca americana was studied in the laboratory using artificial diet cakes. Individuals were given either two different inadequate but complementary diet cakes or two adequate and identical ones. When unique flavors (coumarin or NHT) were added to the diet cakes, insects given the inadequate diet treatment switched between cakes more than insects exposed to the adequate diets. This was not the case when no identifying flavors were added.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187728
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between deterrence and toxicity of plant secondary compounds for the alfalfa weevil Hypera brunneipennis (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 289-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Deterrence ; oral dosing ; toxicity ; diet breadth ; Hypera brunneipennis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant secondary compounds, several of which are quite widespread in nature were tested for their deterrence to the specialist coleopteran Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman) in short-term behavioral assays. The compounds were nicotine, quinine, sparteine, hordenine, linamarin, amygdalin, sinigrin, morin, juglone, chlorogenic acid, digitonin, mimosine, diosgenin, rutin and ursolic acid. Nine of these were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over one to two weeks of adult life, using fecundity as a measure of the effects. In only one case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341092
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging patterns and dietary mixing in the field by the generalist grasshopperBrachystola magna (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 779-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: diet mixing ; foraging ; generalist ; grasshopper ; plant-insect interaction ; omnivory ; Brachystola magna ; Taeniopoda eques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The foraging behavior of a cryptic romaleine grasshopper was observed in its natural habitat in southern Arizona. Individual polyphagy, dietary mixing, and the pattern of feeding on different substrates were monitored. Individuals were found to be extreme generalists with surprising levels of feeding on other insects. Differences in the foraging behavior between grasshopper species are discussed in relation to the habitat, the season, and the different defensive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997126
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food mixing by generalist grasshoppers: Plant secondary compounds structure the pattern of feeding (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 161-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: plant secondary compound ; Schistocerca americana ; diets ; food mixing ; feeding behavior ; feeding patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant secondary compounds can prevent feeding by phytophagous insects or, if ingested, can be poisonous to them. Less attention has been paid to the additional effects they have on feeding behavior when they are only weakly deterrent or not deterrent at all. Experiments were carried out on the generalist grass-hopperSchistocerca americana. Individuals were presented either with two cakes of high-quality artificial food with a single deterrent compound added or with two cakes, each with a different added deterrent compound. The deterrents consisted of single plant secondary compounds that were either marginally or strongly deterrent. There were profound differences in feeding behavior between those individuals given identical and those given different cake types, including longer feeding bouts on single cakes when a choice of different cake types was available. The behavioral effects demonstrate that the presence of secondary compounds in one food can influence the patterns of feeding on other available foods and suggest that such chemicals could impact foraging activities in a complex manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01988902
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary mixing in grasshoppers: Changes in acceptability of different plant secondary compounds associated with low levels of dietary protein (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 545-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; grasshopper ; learning ; aversion ; novelty ; polyphagy ; dietary mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Schistocerca americanasixth-instar nymphs were examined for a change in diet acceptance, in which insects experiencing an unfavorable diet subsequently become predisposed to eat relatively less of that diet and more of diets with a novel flavor than they would had they previously fed on a more adequate diet. Insects were pretreated for 4 h on either low-protein (2 % wet wt) or higherprotein (4%) artificial diets flavored with a plant secondary compound (tomatine or rutin). They were then offered, in choice or no-choice tests, the lowprotein diet with the familiar or a novel (tomatine, rutin, or NHT) flavor. When tomatine was the familiar and rutin the novel flavor in a no-choice test, the insects previously fed low-protein diets took relatively long meals on the novel and relatively short meals on the familiar diets compared with the insects that had previously eaten higher-protein diets. A similar, but in this case considerably less pronounced and statistically nonsignificant, pattern existed in the reciprocal design experiment in which rutin was the familiar and tomatine the novel flavor. Similarly, insects fed low-protein diets flavored with rutin subsequently showed an increased relative preference for the novel flavor (NHT) in a choice test, compared with the high protein-pretreated insects. It is concluded that insects fed protein-deficient diets may subsequently show a preference for novel foods through different mechanisms, the importance of which may differ in different circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048069
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant secondary compounds deterrent but not toxic to the grass specialist acridid Locusta migratoria: Implications for the evolution of graminivory (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 53-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 6 composés secondaires végétaux: sinigrine, acide caféique, acide vanilique, linamarine, amygdaline et gramine, très répandus dans la nature, se montrent phagodissuasifs pour le spécialiste de graminées, Locusta migratoria. C'est pourquoi leurs effects après ingestion sont examinés sur tous les stades larvaires. Pour mettre en évidence une influence éventuelle, les expériences sont réalisées avec une ration alimentaire correspondant à la moitié de celle qu'absorbent des criquets consommant à volonté. Dans un cas, l'addition d'un composé secondaire dans le régime alimentaire (amygdaline) produit une augmentation significative du taux de croissance. La discussion porte sur les conséquences évolutives de ces résultats.
    Notes: Abstract Six plant secondary compounds that are quite widespread in nature were shown to be deterrent to the grass specialist, Locusta migratoria. These were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over the whole of the last larval instar. To enhance the possibility of an effect, experiments were conducted where the food ration was less than half of that normally taken by insects feeding ad libitum. In no case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. In one case (amygdalin) there was a significant increase in growth rate with the addition of the secondary compound to the diet. The evolutionary implication of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353986
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relative insensitivity of Manduca sexta larvae to non-host plant secondary compounds (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; Manduca sexta ; host plant choice ; preference feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné au moyen des expériences de choix, les effects dissuasifs des composés secondaires de plantes non-hôtes des chenilles de M. sexta Johan. Des disques de fibres de verre ou des rondelles de feuilles de tabac ont été traités chimiquement, aux concentrations à peu près naturelles. Sur les 30 substances examinées sur les disques de fibres de verre, 6 ont été répulsives pour des chenilles élvées sur aliment artificiel. Quand l'examen est effectué avec des rondelles de feuilles de tabac, seul un produit est encore répulsif. Aucun effet répulsif n'est observé quand des chenilles élevées sur tabac sont mises en présence de substances associées à des rondelles de feuille de tabac. Ces résultats suggèrent que le maintien d'un spectre d'hôtes limité chez les chenilles de M. sexta ne repose pas sur l'évitement des plantes non-hôtes par suite de leurs substantes dissuasives, mais sur l'attraction et la stimulation provoquées par les hôtes.
    Notes: Abstract We tested the deterrent effects of non-host plant secondary compounds on Manduca sexta Johan. larvae, in choice tests. Treatment chemicals were applied, at approximately natural concentrations to either glass fiber or tobacco leaf disks. Of 30 compounds tested on glass fiber disks, with artificial diet reared larvae, 6 were deterrent. When the 6 deterrent chemicals were tested on tobacco leaf disks only one was still deterrent. No deterrent effects were observed when tobacco reared larvae were tested with chemicals applied to tobacco leaf disks. The results suggest that maintenance of restricted host range in M. sexta larvae relies not on avoidance of non-hosts due to deterrence but on attraction and stimulation to feed on hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343520
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ingestion of some non-host plant secondary compounds on larvae of Manduca sexta (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; deterrence ; toxicity ; oligophagy ; plant secondary compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets qui suivent l'ingestion de 7 produits secondaires de plantes non-hôtes ont été examinés sur des chenilles de M. sexta. Ces substances avaient été choisies pour la diversité de leurs effets sur le comportement alimentaire lors d'expériences de courte durée: 4 avaient montré des effets dissuasifs variés, 3 n'en avaient pas présenté. On a enduit des feuilles fraiches de leur plante-hôte (Nicotania tabacum) des différentes substances à raison d'à peu près 1% du poids sec. Seule une substance a réduit les performances des chenilles. Ces résultats ont été discutés en fonction de l'absence de relation entre dissuation et toxicité dans l'évolution des défenses chez les plantes.
    Notes: Abstract Seven non-host plant secondary compounds were tested for their post-ingestional effects on larvae of Manduca cesta Johan. The compounds were selected for their range of effects on feeding behavior in short-term tests: four showed different levels of deterrence while three were not deterrent. Insects were dosed by coating fresh leaves of their food plant (tobacco) with particular compounds at concentrations of 1% dry weight. Only one compound had detrimental effects on larval performance. The results are discussed in the context of the lack of correlation between deterrence and toxicity and the evolution of plant defenses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343521
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rutin: a phagostimulant for the polyphagous acridid Schistocerca americana (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca americana ; rutin ; grasshopper ; phagostimulant ; phenolic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rutin was demonstrated to be a phagostimulant for the grasshopper Schistocerca americana across a very wide concentration range. The effect was not maintained over a period of days if the insects had already ingested a large amount, but when individuals were given different concentrations on disks as supplements to their lettuce diet, they tended to self select a moderate quantity on a daily basis. In long term experiments on food utilization and growth rates using artificial diet, no beneficial effects of rutin could be demonstrated. Ingested rutin was absorbed and some of it deposited in the cuticle. Most was excreted as the aglycone quercetin. The possible functional significance of the phagostimulatory effect is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164955
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of two hymenopteran predators to surface Chemistry of their prey: Significance for an alkaloid-sequestering caterpillar (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 391-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; predation ; sequestration ; chemical ; defense ; cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sequester quinolizidine alkaloids from their leguminous hosts and store them primarily in the cuticle. Stored alkaloids are lost with the last larval molt. Extracts of late-instar larvae and of pupae were applied to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelichiidae), which are normally palatable to two hymenopteran predators, the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) (Formicidae), and the paper wasp,Mischocyttarus flavitarsus (Sauss.) (Vespidae). Larvae ofP. operculella treated with alkaloid extracts ofU. reversalis larval exuviae, or with surface extracts of whole larvae, were deterrent to both predators, compared to untreated prey. Extracts of pupal exuviae added toP. operculella, however, were not deterrent.P. operculella larvae treated with the authentic alkaloids sparteine and cytisine were also deterrent to these hymenopteran predators. Storage of small but concentrated amounts of plant secondary compounds in the cuticle appears to be an efficacious means of defense against at least two common predators of lepidopteran larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994340
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