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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The so-called “interconversion” of stereoisomeric drugs: An attempt at clarification (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 5 (1993), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomers ; racemization ; epimers ; epimerization ; configurational stability ; nonenzymatic reactions ; oxazepam ; amfepramone ; thalidomide ; atropine ; chlorthalidone ; pilocarpine ; 16α-substituted 3-methoxyestrones ; chlorpromazine ; telenzepine ; tofisopam ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variety of reactions can be categorized under the global concept of the “interconversion of stereoisomers.” Thus, racemization or epimerization can result from inversion of labile chiral centers. From the examples available, some predictive rules are suggested for a chiral center of the type R″R′RC—H undergoing base-catalyzed inversion and a provisional table of affecting groups is presented. Unimolecular inversion of nonsymmetrical, nonplanar ring systems can also result in racemization or epimerization, but no generalization can yet be offered. Beside these cases of nonenzymatic reactions, a limited variety of enzymatic reactions can operate to interconvert stereoisomers, the outcome rarely being a racemic mixture. An important aspect of stereoisomer interconversion is the time scale in which the phenomenon is observed. Thus, several reactions to nonezymatic racemization or epimerization are fast compared to the duration of action of the drug and therefore have pharmacological significance, while other are slower and are of pharmaceutical relevance only. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530050302
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reversed-Phase LC resolutions of chiral antiarrhythmic agents via derivatization with homochiral isothiocyanates (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 2 (1990), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: mexiletine ; flecainide ; tocainide ; propafenone ; chirality ; enantiomers ; HPLC ; homochiral derivatization ; isothiocyanates ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The search for new antiarrhythmic agents has been intense, because the established drugs for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias are neither uniformly effective nor well-tolerated. Among the recently introduced new anti-arrhythmic agents are tocainide (TOC), mexiletine (MEX), flecainide (FLE), and propafenone (PRO). Each of these drugs is a chiral amine used clinically as the racemic mixture. We have examined the high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral resolution of the above four drugs via derivatization with homochiral derivatizing agents (HDAs). The amino functionality of the drugs was reacted with four homochiral isothiocyanates, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate (TAGIT), (R)-α-methylbenzyl isothiocyanate (RAMBI), (S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isothiocyanate (SNEIT), and (R)-1-(2-naphthyl)ethyl isothiocyanate (RBEIT). Complete separation of the two peaks (resolution factor R = 1.5) was achieved with all four HDAs for TOC, with TAGIT, RBEIT, and RAMBI for MEX, with TAGIT and SNEIT for PRO, and only with TAGIT for FLE. SNEIT was used to develop analytical procedures for the determination of the enantiomeric composition of TOC in human urine and blood serum. The four HDAs offer several advantages over many other HDAs and should be useful in studies of enantioselective drug action and disposition.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530020107
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excavations in drug chirality: 1. Cyclothiazide (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 3 (1991), S. 2-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: drug stereochemistry ; cyclothiazide ; stereoisomerism ; chiral HPLC ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: There is a great deal of current interest in the role and importance of chirality in the development of new drugs, but little attention is being paid to the stereochemistry of older drugs. Indeed, many older chiral drugs were introduced without adequate information on their stereochemical identity or composition. We have examined one such drug, the antihypertensive diuretic agent cyclothiazide. Standard sources of drug information and the research literature do not provide data on the stereochemical composition of clinically used cyclothiazide, although scattered reports indicate that the drug may consist of “several stereoisomers.” Inspection of the chemical structure of the drug, 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-(5-norbornen-2-yl)-2H-l,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide, shows that it can exist as eight stereoisomers that may form four racemates. Using synthesis, fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography, chiral and nonchiral high-performance liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined that pharmaceutical cyclothiazide is in fact a mixture of the eight stereoisomers in the form of the four racemates. The two racemates with endo configuration at the norbornene moiety predominate over the exo racemates, and small but significant differences in isomer distribution between different batches of the drug were observed. We urge that in studies of older drugs the stereochemical details be considered.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530030103
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