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  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The synergistic effects of two kinds of aromatic ketones (benzalacetone (BA), benzophenone(BP)) and N,N-bis(polyoxyethylene)octadecylamines (POOA) on the surface morphology and the crystal orientation of electrodeposited tin from acid stannous sulphate solutions have been studied by electrochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. BA itself had no effect on the reduction of tin (II) ions, but the reduction product of BA had a strong inhibitory effect on the reduction of tin (II) ions. However, the inhibitory effect of BP was stronger than that of the reduction product of BP. POOA induced a uniform deposition of tin over the whole surface, but the crystal grain size and the surface roughness of electrodeposited tin were relatively large. On the other hand, fine-grained and smooth electrodeposited tin, which had a preferred orientation with the (10 0) plane parallel to the surface, were obtained from acid stannous sulphate solutions containing POOA, BA and BP due to the synergistic effects of the three kinds of adsorbed species. It was found that BA has a levelling action and BP has a grain refinement action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 569-574 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The changes in surface morphology and crystal orientation of electrodeposited tin from acid stannous sulphate solutions containing 1 mm N,N-bis(tetraoxyethylene)octadecylamine (TOGA) and various concentration (0.2–2 mm) of benzalacetone (BA) have been studied as functions of electrolysis time or BA concentration by electrochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The inhibitory effect on the reduction of the tin (II) ion became stronger with increasing concentration of BA. In the presence of both TOOA and BA, when electrolyses were carried out at the more negative potentials than the reduction potential of BA, the reduction product of BA induced reticular crystals (network structure) of tin over the whole surface. This structure appeared in the early stage of electrolysis and exhibited an intense (200) diffraction peak. On the other hand, the crystal grain size and the surface roughness of electrodeposited tin became smaller with increasing concentration of BA from 0.2 to 2 mm. Further, fine-grained and smooth electrodeposits of tin were obtained from acid stannous sulphate solutions containing TOOA and high concentration of BA due to the synergistic effect of these adsorbed species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 24 (1994), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of saccharin and three kinds of aliphatic alcohols (n-propyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol) on the surface morphology and crystal orientation of electrodeposited nickel from a Watts bath (1 M NiSO4 + 0.21 M NiCl2 + 0.51 M H3 BO3 have been studied by means of electrochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and measurements of X-ray diffraction patterns. Saccharin and three kinds of aliphatic alcohols were adsorbed on the electrode and inhibited the reduction of nickel ion. The inhibitory effect on the reduction of nickel ion increased in the order n-propyl alcohol, allyl alcohol and propargyl alcohol. Large granular electrodeposits were obtained from the Watts bath in the absence of organic additives. When saccharin was added, fine-grained crystals were observed and the surface roughness was relatively small. When aliphatic alcohols were added, the size of surface morphological features became smaller in the order n-propyl alcohol, allyl alcohol and propargyl alcohol. Fine-grained, compact and smooth nickel electrodeposits, which had a preferred orientation with a (111) plane parallel to the surface, were obtained from the Watts bath containing both saccharin and propargyl alcohol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 10 (1990), S. 811-825 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary element method ; Shallow water equation ; Wave reflection ; Wave diffraction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A boundary element method is proposed for studying periodic shallow water problems. The numerical model is based on the shallow water equation. The key feature of this method is that the boundary integral equations are derived using the weighted residual method and the fundamental solutions for shallow water wave problems are obtained by solving the simultaneous singular equations. The accuracy of this method is studied for the wave reflection problem in a rectangular tank. As a result of this test, it has been shown that the number of element divisions and the distribution of nodes are significant to the accuracy. For numerical examples of external problems, the wave diffraction problems due to single cylindrical, double cylindrical and plate obstructions are analysed and compared with the exact and other numerical solutions. Relatively accurate solutions are obtained.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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