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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of interface layer on the microstructure and electromigration resistance of Al-Si-Cu alloy on TiN/Ti substrates (1993)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 62 (1993), S. 2443-2445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Al-Si-Cu alloy films sputter-deposited on reactively ion-sputtered TiN/Ti/SiO2 substrates were characterized and evaluated for interconnect reliability. Using x-ray diffraction techniques, both TiN and Al microstructures were analyzed and the (111) intensities of the latter correlated with the electromigration median time to fail (MTTF). The values of the MTTF increased with the Al(111) intensities for the TiN/Ti/SiO2 substrates annealed below 400 °C. A progressive decrease in both the Al(111) texture and MTTF was observed for substrates annealed above this temperature. While the improved Al(111) texture has been attributed to an improved TiN barrier textured in the (111) crystal plane (anneals below 400 °C), a TiO2 layer over the TiN barrier has been found responsible for the degradation of the Al(111) texture and the MTTF for barrier anneals above 400 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109366
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on growth processes of particulates in helium-diluted silane rf plasmas using scanning electron microscopy (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 1900-1902 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Size, density, and morphology of particulates in helium-diluted silane rf plasmas are studied using a scanning electron microscopic method. The experimental results show that particulates grow through three phases of nucleation, rapid growth, and growth saturation. Particulates in two different size ranges coexist after the initiation of the rapid growth phase, the size distribution of particulates in each size group is found to be well expressed by both the lognormal and normal distributions with a narrow size dispersion, and coagulation of particulates plays a crucial role in the rapid growth phase. The dependencies of size and density of particulates in the large-size group on rf-power-on period are very similar to their temporal evolutions obtained by an in situ laser light scattering method. © 1994 American Institue of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112833
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pancreatic beta-cell secretory defect associated with mitochondrial point mutation of the tRNA L E U ( U U R ) gene: a study in seven families with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 818-825 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words C-peptide, diabetes mellitus, insulin secretion, MELAS, mitochondrial gene mutation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent evidence suggests possible linkage between diabetes mellitus and mitochondrial gene mutation. We surveyed mitochondrial tRNALEU(UUR) (3243) mutation in 7 mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episode (MELAS) families and identified 24 mutated subjects (7 MELAS probands and 17 non-MELAS relatives) as well as 11 non-mutant family members. An OGTT in the 24 mutant relatives revealed 14 diabetic subjects, 3 with impaired glucose tolerance and 7 with normal glucose tolerance and all non-mutant family members as having normal glucose tolerance. Insulinogenic index was significantly reduced in the mutant diabetic subjects and those with impaired and normal glucose tolerance in comparison with the normal control subjects and the non-mutant members. Urinary 24-h C-peptide immunoreactivity excretion was markedly reduced in the mutant diabetic subjects and those with normal and impaired glucose tolerance, compared with the control subjects and the non-mutant family members. Plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity 6 min after glucagon injection was markedly reduced in the mutant diabetic subjects and those with normal and impaired glucose tolerance compared with the control subjects and the non-mutant family members. Si, an index of insulin sensitivity of the four mutant subjects was within normal range. Islet cell antibodies were negative in sera of eight mutated diabetic subjects, 2 and 6 with impaired and normal glucose tolerance, respectively. Diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy were demonstrated in 7 (50 %) and 12 (85.7 %) of 14 mutant diabetic subjects, respectively. Neurosensory deafness was demonstrated in 12 (85.7 %) of 14 mutated diabetic subjects, (66.7 %) of 3 mutated impaired glucose tolerant subjects, but not detected in 6 mutated normal glucose tolerant subjects and 11 non-mutant family members. These findings suggest that the tRNALEU(UUR) mutation is associated with pancreatic beta-cell secretory defect of insulin. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 818–825]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404339
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pancreatic beta-cell secretory defect associated with mitochondrial point mutation of the tRNALEU(UUR) gene: a study in seven families with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 818-825 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: C-peptide ; diabetes mellitus ; insulin secretion ; MELAS ; mitochondrial gene mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent evidence suggests possible linkage between diabetes mellitus and mitochondrial gene mutation. We surveyed mitochondrial tRNALEU(UUR) (3243) mutation in 7 mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episode (MELAS) families and identified 24 mutated subjects (7 MELAS probands and 17 non-MELAS relatives) as well as 11 non-mutant family members. An OGTT in the 24 mutant relatives revealed 14 diabetic subjects, 3 with impaired glucose tolerance and 7 with normal glucose tolerance and all non-mutant family members as having normal glucose tolerance. Insulinogenic index was significantly reduced in the mutant diabetic subjects and those with impaired and normal glucose tolerance in comparison with the normal control subjects and the non-mutant members. Urinary 24-h C-peptide immunoreactivity excretion was markedly reduced in the mutant diabetic subjects and those with normal and impaired glucose tolerance, compared with the control subjects and the non-mutant family members. Plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity 6 min after glucagon injection was markedly reduced in the mutant diabetic subjects and those with normal and impaired glucose tolerance compared with the control subjects and the non-mutant family members. Si, an index of insulin sensitivity of the four mutant subjects was within normal range. Islet cell antibodies were negative in sera of eight mutated diabetic subjects, 2 and 6 with impaired and normal glucose tolerance, respectively. Diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy were demonstrated in 7 (50%) and 12 (85.7%) of 14 mutant diabetic subjects, respectively. Neurosensory deafness was demonstrated in 12 (85.7%) of 14 mutated diabetic subjects, (66.7%) of 3 mutated impaired glucose tolerant subjects, but not detected in 6 mutated normal glucose tolerant subjects and 11 non-mutant family members. These findings suggest that the tRNALEU(UUR) mutation is associated with pancreatic beta-cell secretory defect of insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404339
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental toxicity evaluation of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (Ziram) in rats (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 53 (1994), S. 930-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196227
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    S2.22 Cloning and expression of the rat cytosolic sialidase (1993)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 10 (1993), S. 239-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209865
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second order necessary optimality conditions for minimizing a sup-type function (1990)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 49 (1990), S. 213-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Envelope ; sup-type function ; second order necessary condition ; semi-infinite programming ; nondifferentiable programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The second derivative of an envelope cannot be expressed only by second derivatives of the constituent functions. By taking account of this fact, we derive new second order necessary optimality conditions for minimization of a sup-type function. The conditions involve an extra term besides the second derivative of the Lagrange function. Furthermore, we will comment on the relationship between the extra term and a kind of second order directional derivative of the sup-type function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588788
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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