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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hyperglycaemia on sorbitol and myo-inositol contents of cultured embryos: treatment with aldose reductase inhibitor and myo-inositol supplementation (1990)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 33 (1990), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Hyperglycaemia ; embryogenesis ; rat embryo culture ; malformation ; sorbitol ; myo-inositol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To demonstrate the myo-inositol depletion hypothesis in hyperglycaemia-induced embryopathy, rat conceptuses of 9.5 days of gestation in the early head-fold stage were grown in vitro during neural tube formation for 48 h with increasing amounts of glucose. The effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor and the myo-inositol supplementation were also investigated. Sorbitol and myo-inositol contents were measured in separated embryos and extra-embryonic membranes including yolk sac and amnion at the end of culture. After addition of 33.3 mmol/l and 66.7 mmol/l glucose to the culture media, the myo-inositol content of the embryos was significantly decreased by 43.1% (p〈0.05) and 64.6% (p 〈 0.01) of the control group, while a marked accumulation of sorbitol was observed (25 and 41 times that of the control). Although the addition of an aldose reductase inhibitor (0.7 mmol/l) to the hyperglycaemic culture media containing an additional 66.7 mmol/l glucose significantly reduced the sorbitol content of embryos to approximately one-eighth, the myo-inositol content of embryos remained decreased and the frequency of neural lesions was unchanged (23.1% vs 23.9%, NS). Supplementation of the myo-inositol (0.28 mmol/l) completely restored the myo-inositol content of the embryos and resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of neural lesions (7.1% vs 23.9%, p 〈 0.01) and a significant increase in crown-rump length and somite numbers. Much less significantly, sorbitol accumulation was also observed in the extra-embryonic membrane in response to hyperglycaemia, neither hyperglycaemia nor the myo-inositol supplementation modified the myo-inositol contents of the extra-embryonic membrane. We conclude that the mechanism of hyperglycaemia-induced teratogenicity was mediated by the myo-inositol depletion of the embryo at a critical stage of organogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400203
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of islet cell antibodies from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed peripheral blood lymphocytes in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (1991)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 34 (1991), S. 511-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet cell antibodies ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes ; Epstein-Barr virus ; peripheral blood lymphocytes ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Islet cell antibodies are usually detected in the sera of almost all Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients within several months after onset of the disease. The antibodies then disappear quite early during the course of the disease. The present study was undertaken to detect islet cell antibody-producing clones in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Type 1 diabetic patients whose islet cell antibodies could not be detected in sera. Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes were employed to enhance the production of antibodies and to detect the clones from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from 40 islet cell antibody-negative Type 1 diabetic patients, 10 antibody-positive Type 1 diabetic patients, 30 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and 40 normal control subjects. Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes were cultured for 4 weeks and the culture supernatants were used for assay of islet cell antibodies. Islet cell antibody assays were performed by immunohistochemical methods using peroxidase-labelled protein A for IgG antibodies, peroxidase-labelled anti-human IgM antibodies for IgM antibodies and fresh frozen human pancreatic tissue. IgG-islet cell antibodies were detected in 26 islet cell antibody-negative patients (65%), eight antibody-positive patients (80%) and one Type 2 diabetic patient (3%) in the culture supernatants. Islet cell antibodies in the supernatants could not be detected in any of the control subjects. IgM-islet cell antibodies could not be detected in any of the patients or control subjects. These findings indicate that islet cell antibody-producing clones exist in peripheral blood lymphocytes from Type 1 diabetic patients whose islet cell antibodies cannot be detected in their sera and IgG-islet cell antibodies might be a specific characteristic of Type 1 diabetes. The detection of islet cell antibodies from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes may be useful in examining the role of autoimmune mechanisms in the development of disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403288
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoantibodies to 64,000-Mr islet cell protein in long-term Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 748-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; 64,000-Mr islet protein autoantibodies ; islet cell antibodies ; autoimmune thyroid disease ; long-term diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Autoantibodies to the 64,000-Mr (64K) islet cell protein, identified as glutamic acid decarboxylase, were assayed in 46 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with a disease duration of more than 5 years. Of 46 Type 1 diabetic patients, 18 (39.1 %) were found to be positive for 64K antibodies and 12 of these patients had been diagnosed with autoimmune thyroid disease. Serum C-peptide levels were not detectable in 15 of 18 patients positive for 64K antibodies. The samples were also tested for titres of islet cell antibodies. Islet cell antibodies were detected in 15 (32.6%) of the 46 patients and all the islet cell antibody positive patients were also found to be positive for 64K antibodies. Furthermore, of these 15 patients 12 had previously been diagnosed with autoimmune thyroid disease. A correlation between levels of 64K antibodies and islet cell antibody titre revealed that higher levels of 64K antibodies were observed in patients who had higher islet cell antibody titre. These results demonstrate that most long-term Type 1 diabetic patients with 64K antibodies were also positive for islet cell antibodies complicated by autoimmune thyroid disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429095
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose transporter gene expression in rat conceptus during high glucose culture (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 696-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose transporter ; embryogenesis ; hyperglycaemia ; rat embryo culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the expression of glucose transporter genes and protein in embryo and yolk sac during organogenesis and the regulation of glucose transporters during culture in hyperglycaemic media. Erythrocyte-type glucose transporter (GLUT 1) and brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT 3) mRNA were expressed in embryo and yolk sac. The expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 mRNA was abundant on day 9–11 and day 9–10 in the embryo, respectively, and day 9–14 and day 10–11 in the yolk sac, respectively. The levels of GLUT-1 protein in the embryo increased in parallel with the expression of GLUT-1 mRNA during the corresponding period. Immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-1 protein was found principally in the neuroepithelial cells surrounding the neural tube in the embryo on day 10 and appeared in the microvessels surrounding the neural tube after day 12. To test whether the expression of glucose transporter genes and protein was suppressed during hyperglycaemia, conceptuses were cultured in high glucose medium. The abundant expression of GLUT-1 protein was not decreased during culture in high glucose media for 24 h (day 9–10) and was only down-regulated by prolonged exposure to this media for 48 h (day 9–11). We have demonstrated the predominant expression of the high affinity glucose transporter (GLUT 1 and GLUT 3) genes and (GLUT 1) protein in embryo during the early period of organogenesis. The persistently abundant expression of glucose transporter during the critical period of neural tube formation (day 9–10) even in the presence of hyperglycaemia may explain one of the mechanisms of increased glucose flux into the neuroepithelium, which may lead to neural tube defects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401139
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemistry of leukotriene C4 in experimental cerebral vasospasm (1991)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 81 (1991), S. 401-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leukotriene C4 ; Basilar artery ; Neutrophils ; Macrophages ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experimental cerebral vasospasm was produced in a “two-hemorrhage” canine model and examined by immunohistochemistry for leukotriene C4 (LTC4). The immunostain for LTC4 showed a strong positivity in intima and adventitia and a scattered reaction in media of normal basilar artery. The immunoreactivity after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was little changed in intima and media. Inflammatory cells which were characterized histochemically as neutrophils and macrophages, were shown to infiltrate from the adventitia of basilar artery to the periphery of blood clot after SAH and were markedly immunoreactive for LTC4. Also the neutrophils increased in number with the lapse of time after SAH. Thus, it would be reasonable to conclude that the LTC4 responsible for the development of vasospasm would most likely be produced from the infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages. In addition, neurons in hypothalamus, median eminence, and pons, as well as ependymal and arachnoid cells were immunoreactive for LTC4 both in the control and after SAH, whereas astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were not immunoreactive for LTC4 in either case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293461
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intersegmental connection with aberrant hepatic duct (1994)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 19 (1994), S. 425-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Biliary tract, anomalies ; Aberrant hepatic, duct-Cholangiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 66-year-old Japanese woman whose cystic duct drained into an aberrant bile duct was found to have an intersegmental connection bridging the right anterior and posterior ducts. The patient had cholelithiasis but no history of hepatic trauma, lending support to congenital etiology for the intersegmental duct. In the presence of aberrant bile ducts, a meticulous search may reveal such biliary communications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206930
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trajectory formation of arm movement by cascade neural network model based on minimum torque-change criterion (1990)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 62 (1990), S. 275-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We proposed that the trajectory followed by human subject arms tended to minimize the time integral of the square of the rate of change of torque (Uno et al. 1987). This minimum torque-change model predicted and reproduced human multi-joint movement data quite well (Uno et al. 1989). Here, we propose a neural network model for trajectory formation based on the minimum torque-change criterion. Basic ideas of information representation and algorithm are(i) spatial representation of time,(ii) learning of forward dynamics and kinetics model and(iii) relaxation computation based on the acquired model. The model can resolve ill-posed inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics problems for redundant controlled object as well as ill-posed trajectory formation problems. By computer simulation, we show that the model can produce a multi-joint arm trajectory while avoiding obstacles or passing through viapoints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201442
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TiCN: A new chemical vapor deposited contact barrier metallization for submicron devices (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 2416-2418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-quality chemical vapor deposited TiCN films were produced in a single wafer reactor using a metallorganic (TDMAT) precursor. The films have excellent step coverage over high aspect-ratio contacts as well as very low particle content. These properties are obtained because the films are deposited under surface-reaction controlled conditions. The films show also excellent barrier properties against Al and WF6 attack. These properties make this material a superb contact barrier material for ultra-large-scale integrated devices. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112693
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of Der p and Der f I quantities in the reference preparations of Dermatophagoides mite extracts (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 24 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MoAb-ELISA) was developed to measure the major Dermatophagoides mite allergens, Der p I and Der f I, The assay was highly species-specific and sensitive. Using this assay system, the absolute mass unit of Der p I and Der fI in the reference preparations of the extracts was estimated. The primary standards used were the purified Der p I and Der f I preparations. The reference preparations of the D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae extracts (92-Dp) and 92-Df), which had been prepared from the same amount of mite bodies of both species, were found to contain the same levels of the Der I allergens, 10.1 μg/ml of Der p I and 10.0 μg/ml of Der f I, respectively. A histamine release assay with leucocytes from mite-allergic donors showed that the total allergenic potency of 92-Dp and 92-Df was comparable. This result indicates that the estimated Der I levels in these extracts seem to be valid, at least, in the balanece between the two species, although further comparisons of the absolute quantities by several different laboratories are needed. The Der I levels in the WHO/IUIS international reference preparation of D. pteronyssinus and the CBER standard mite extracts, E4-Dp and E5-Df, were also estimated using this assay system. They were found to contain 4.4 μg/viaI and 13.3 μg/ml of Der p I and 9.5 μg/ml of Der f I, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb02739.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compositional inhomogeneities in sputtered Co-Cr magnetic thin films studied by atom probe field ion microscopy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 8025-8031 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Compositional inhomogeneities in Co-22 at. % Cr sputtered thin films have been studied quantitatively using atom probe field ion microscopy. For comparison, a Co-22 at. % Cr bulk alloy specimen has also been examined. As predicted from the recently published phase diagram, a solution treated Co-Cr bulk alloy specimen does not contain detectable chemical inhomogeneities. On the other hand, the Co-22 at. % Cr thin film sputter deposited at 200 °C consists of two distinct phases with different Cr concentrations. The size of each phase is in the order of 8 nm which is significantly smaller than the grain size of the specimen; however, the film that was sputter deposited at ambient temperature exhibited a significantly lower level of compositional inhomogeneity. Based on these results, it is concluded that the phase separation progresses when thin films are deposited on heated substrates. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357921
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