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  • 1990-1994  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The C49 to C54-TiSi2 transformation in self-aligned silicide applications (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 3566-3568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We show that when processing conditions closely mimic those used in the conventional self-aligned silicide process, the effective activation energy for the polymorphic phase transformation of orthorhombic base-centered (oC12) C49-TiSi2 to the low-resistivity orthorhombic face-centered (oF24) C54-TiSi2 phase is over 1 eV higher than previously reported literature values where a 1-step heat cycle was used. For C49-TiSi2 films formed at temperatures of 600 and 625 °C on (100) single crystal silicon substrates, the activation energy was determined to be 5.6±0.3 and 5.7±0.13 eV, respectively, for the transformation of this phase into C54-TiSi2 in the temperature range of 625–700 °C. The higher activation energy obtained with the simulation of the self-aligned silicide processing conditions suggests that the conventional processing may need to be modified for future semiconductor applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352910
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of C49-TiSi2 and C54-TiSi2 formation on doped polycrystalline silicon using in situ resistance measurements during annealing (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 7874-7881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In situ resistance versus temperature or time for reactions between 32 and 57.5 nm of titanium and undoped or doped polycrystalline silicon (boron, arsenic, or phosphorus, 7.9×1019–3.0×1020/cm3) has been measured and no clear correlation was found between the activation energy for the formation of the industrially important low-resistance C54-TiSi2 phase and its formation temperature. It is also demonstrated that with certain moderate doping levels typical of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor manufacturing, boron or phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon can delay the formation of C54-TiSi2 more than arsenic-doped polycrystalline silicon. Finally, by using in situ resistance measurements, it is demonstrated that the "two-step'' thermal annealing process similar to a salicide process requires less thermal annealing time at high temperatures to form C54-TiSi2 than a single "one-step'' thermal anneal at the same temperature. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357897
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic analysis of C49-TiSi2 and C54-TiSi2 formation at rapid thermal annealing rates (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 4978-4980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have used in situ resistance versus temperature measurements to demonstrate that a 60 nm titanium thin film on polycrystalline silicon heated at rates up to 3000 °C/min always forms high-resistivity base-centered orthorhombic C49-TiSi2 before the low-resistivity face-centered orthorhombic C54-TiSi2 phase. Kinetic analysis of the shift in transformation temperatures with heating rate indicates that the activation energies for the formation of C49-TiSi2 and C54-TiSi2 are 2.1±0.2 and 3.8±0.5 eV, respectively, when formed during the same annealing cycle. The higher activation energy of formation of C54-TiSi2 as compared to C49-TiSi2 suggests that under very high heating rates and annealing temperatures, the formation of C49-TiSi2 before C54-TiSi2 might be completely or partially bypassed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.352018
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast- and slow-growing pike, Esox lucius L., and problems of age-determinations from scales (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 21 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. River Frome pike, Esox lucius L., usually spawned in drainage channels connected to the main river. Most 0+ pike moved into the river during their first summer, but some remained in the channels until the following year. The latter group ate macro-invertebrates (chiefly Asellus), whereas their siblings in the main river were piscivorous. 0+ pike in the channels had slower growth rates than those in the river, but growth rates of the two groups in later years were similar. The presence of these initially slow-growing pike in the population caused problems in identifying the first annulus on the scales. The problem was identified by batch-marking 0+ fish in different years and examining scales from individuals that were subsequently recaptured. The interpretation of true annuli and false checks in older fish was aided by collecting sets of scales from individually tagged pike which were recaptured at intervals over a number of years. The study emphasized the importance of validating age determinations by obtaining information from more than one source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1990.tb00485.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative growth and diet of tench Tinca tinca (L.) larvae and juveniles from river floodplain biotopes in France and England (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ecology of freshwater fish 2 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The growth and diet of larvae and 0 + juveniles of riverine tench Tinca tinca (L.) were compared in two stagnant floodplain biotopes from the upper River Rhône, France, and the River Great Ouse, England. The diet of tench was generally similar at the French and English sites, with Cladocera being the predominant prey of young larvae (English site only). Cladocera and Copepoda were the principal prey of older larvae and 0 + juveniles, though the latter took a variety of other, larger prey items. Ontogenetic changes in diet at both sites probably reflect prey availability. Protracted spawning at the French site contrasted a single spawning effort in the English backwater. Fluctuations in growth rate and condition were observed to coincide with shifts in diet, suggesting that tench developing in riverine biotopes may be vulnerable to competition at particular transitional intervals in their early ontogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1993.tb00084.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of impoundment on populations of bullhead Cottus gobio L. and minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), in the basin of Cow Green Reservoir (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 38 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The distribution, growth and reproduction of bullhead, Cottus gobio, L., and minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), were studied at Cow Green Reservoir, Upper Teesdale, for 10 years following impoundment in 1970. Comparisons were made with pre-impoundment results. The length-for-age of bullheads increased after impoundment. The length-for-age of minnows decreased. In winter both species were confined mainly to deep water or to the stone facing of the earth dam. In summer they were found throughout the reservoir though bullheads were scarce in the littoral zone. Female bullheads became sexually mature at an earlier age (84% at age-group I) than before impoundment (33% at age-group I) but no change was apparent amongst males (67–62% in age-group I). The post-impoundment sex ratio did not differ from 1:1 and individual fecundity did not change after impoundment. There was a significant reduction in individual fecundity of the minnow. The mean instantaneous rate of mortality (Z) for bullhead of age-groups II to IV was 0.96 ± 0.34 year−1, compared with 0.85 ± 0.29 year in the Tees before impoundment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb03161.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The simplest black holes (1991)
    Springer
    Foundations of physics 4 (1991), S. 425-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9524
    Keywords: gravitation ; black holes ; two-dimensional gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A relativistic gravitational theory in (1 + 1) dimensions is presented which exhibits many of the qualitative features of (3 + 1)-dimensional general relativity. The field equations are simple enough for undergraduates to solve yet rich enough in structure to form a useful pedagogical example for exploring the qualitative features of relativistic gravitation. Black hole solutions to the field equations of the theory are derived and its relationship to Newtonian gravity is discussed in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691188
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Traversible wormholes in (2 + 1) dimensions (1992)
    Springer
    General relativity and gravitation 24 (1992), S. 305-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9532
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate traversible wormhole solutions to the Einstein field equations in (2 + 1) dimensions. The constraints on the field equations to obtain a wormhole solution are presented and further constraints for traversibility of the wormhole are also given. We show that there is no analog of the (3 + 1)-dimensional Schwarzschild wormhole in (2 + 1) dimensions. For general wormholes, the radial tension and lateral pressure at the throat of the wormhole must be zero, and the energy density must be negative. Two specific wormhole solutions are presented. We perform a stability analysis on the solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00760232
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lower dimensional black holes (1992)
    Springer
    General relativity and gravitation 24 (1992), S. 433-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9532
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A survey of black hole physics in two spacetime dimensions is presented. Basic properties, specific solutions and quantum aspects are considered in turn. The relationship between string theoretic black holes and those arising in other (1+l)-dimensional theories of gravity is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00760418
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of juvenile Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar, in natural waters (1994)
    Springer
    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 4 (1994), S. 262-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00044134
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