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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytogenetic and molecular techniques were employed to determine the origin of marker chromosomes in five patients with mosaic 45,X karyotypes. The markers were shown to be derived from the X chromosome in three female patients and from the Y chromosome in one female and one male. One of the female patients, with a very small, X-derived ring chromosome, had additional phenotypic abnormalities not typically associated with Turner syndrome. In this patient, both the ring and the normal X chromosomes replicated early; perhaps the unusual phenotype is the result of both chromosomes remaining transcriptionally active. These studies illustrate the power of resolution and utility of combined cytogenetic and molecular approaches to some clinical cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 18 (1994), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Il existe chez 5 à 10 % des femmes qui ont apparemment des résultats normaux de biopsies mammaires, des aspects histologiques et cytologiques d'hyperplasie épithéliale atypique (HEA) du sein qui semblent prédire un certain risque de développer un cancer du sein. Ce risque a été estimé à 4–5 fois celui que présentent les femmes du même âge avec les mêmes autres facteurs de risque, mais qui n'ont pas de telles anomalies histo-cytologiques. Ce risque n'est cependant pas constant et semble diminuer avec le temps, rejoignant le même risques qu'ont d'autres femmes aux mêmes âges 10 à 15 ans après la première détection de ces anomalies. Le risque de voir se développer une prolifération sans atypie cellulaire, même extensive ou complexe, n'est que deux fois celui de la population en générale. L'HEA se voit souvent dans la fratrie des familles a cancer du sein, du moins chez les cousines au premier degré. Ce risque, deux fois celui de l'HEA, se situe à 20% environ 10–15 ans après la biopsie, en particulier chez les femmes de la cinquième (40–49) ou au début de la sixième (50) décennie. Ces considérations ont moins d'importance après l'âge de 60 ans. Un traitement par des oestrogènes à de faibles doses après la ménopause ne semble pas augmenter ce risque. Seuls les cancers intracanalaires in situ non comédocarcinomateux peuvent être considérés comme des lésions précancéreuses et ne nécessitent pas de traitement étendu, que nécessitent, par contre, les lésions du type comédocarcinome, même in situ. Des lésions non comédocarcinomateuses peuvent parfois devenir des cancers invasifs en 6 à 10 ans. Il faut les
    Abstract: Resumen Patrones histológicos y citológicos combinados de hiperplasia epitelial atípica (HA) en la glándula mamaria son indicativos de un riesgo de desarrollar cáncer del orden de 5 a 10% en las mujeres con lesiones por lo demás benignas. El riesgo es 4–5 veces mayor que el de mujeres de poblaciones similares que no poseen tales lesiones. Tales riesgos relativos no son estables, y disminuyen 10–15 años luego de la detección, para aproximarse a los riesgos de mujeres de edades comparables. La enfermedad proliferativa sin atipia, no importa qué tan extensa o compleja sea, predice un ligero riesgo mayor, el cual se acerca al doble del de la población de referencia. Hay una fuerte interacción de la HA con la historia familiar de cáncer mamario en por lo menos los familiaries de primer grado. Tal riesgo dobla al riesgo de HA sola, la dobla y se aproxima al 20% a los 10–15 años después de la biopsia, en particular en mujeres en las edades de los 40 y los primero 50 años, pero tales consideraciones son de menor importancia clínica en mujeres de 60 años. Los estrógenos conjugados en dosis bajas, administrados después de la menopausia, no parecieron incrementar el riesgo por encima del que fue identificado mediante patrones histológicos. Sólo el carcinoma in situ de tipo no comedo puede ser considerado como lesión precursora pero que no da lugar al tratamiento más extenso que se recomienda para el tipo más avanzado de comedo carcinoma ductal in situ. Pequeños carcinomas ductales in situ de tipo no comedo pueden resultar en carcinoma invasivo en un periodo de 6 a 10 años. Estos pueden ser tratados con resección local amplia sìn ìrradiación, pudiendose esperar que probablemente no se presentara recurrencia hasta en 8–10 años de seguimiento. Los carcinomas ductales in situ pueden ser lesiones muy extensas, y esta conducta conservadora debe ser reservada para las lesiones menores.
    Notes: Abstract Specific, combined histologic and cytologic patterns of atypical epithelial hyperplasia (AH) in the breast indicate a medically relevant risk of breast cancer development in 5% to 10% of women with otherwise benign biopsies. This risk is four to five times that of similar women without such lesions, that is, women of the same age and at risk for the same period of time. These relative risks are not stable and fall 10 to 15 years after detection, more closely approximating the risks of women of comparable age. Proliferative disease without atypia, no matter how extensive or complex, predicts only a slight elevation of risk, which approaches double that of the reference population. There is a strong interaction of AH with family history of breast cancer in at least a first degree relative. This risk doubles the risk of AH alone and is approximately 20% at 10 to 15 years after biopsy, particularly for women in their forties and early fifties. These considerations are of less clinical importance in women over age 60. Low replacement doses of conjugated estrogen after the menopause do not further elevate risk beyond that identified by histologic patterns. Noncomedo ductal carcinoma in situ may be considered a true precursor lesions; however, it differs significantly in many ways from the more advanced lesion recognized as the comedo type of ductal carcinoma in situ. Small examples of noncomedo ductal carcinoma in situ can eventuate in invasive carcinoma after 6 to 10 years. They may be treated by wide local excision without radiation, with no recurrence up to 8 to 10 years in all likelihood. Ductal carcinoma in situ lesions can be extensive within the breast, and this conservative posture should be reserved for smaller lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 28 (1993), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer precursors ; cytology ; ductal carcinoma in situ ; fine needle aspiration ; histology ; hyperplastic lesions ; risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anatomic indicators of increased breast cancer risk have regularly been identified as hyperplastic lesions, analogous to other body sites. Most of these have been shown to indicate a later increased risk anywhere in either breast and should thus be regarded as indicators or markers of increased risk. Unfortunately, these are largely identified incidentally to current methods of detection. Specific combined histologic and cytologic criteria for the definition of these lesions have been evaluated for both their reproducibility of diagnosis and outcome variables. Several studies agree that usual patterns of hyperplasia of at least moderate degree indicate an increased risk of later breast carcinoma between 1.5 and 2 times that of the general population. The specifically defined examples of atypical hyperplasia, lesions of relative rarity, are found in 4–5% of biopsies (depending upon method of detection) and recognize a risk in the range of 4–5 times that of the general population controlled for age and duration of follow-up. Thus, several cohort studies using comparable criteria for definition of the anatomic lesions have found similar clinical outcomes. Other approaches to histologic definition have produced a lesser degree of separation between the non “atypical” and other forms of hyperplasia. Although it is not clear whether we are dealing with continuous variables or discrete histologic/cytologic variables, it is clear that when combined criteria are used, a greater degree of predictability is obtained. Other related risk features include most predominantly family history, which when present with atypical hyperplasia indicates an increased risk beyond that of either alone. Other means of detection of these various lesions, such as fine needle aspiration cytology, have not been verified. True non-obligate precursors of breast cancer are probably confined to low grade and non-comedo ductal carcinomas of the breast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have previously cloned, by chromosome-walking, a 230-kilobase (kb) segment of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome, including part of deletion interval 1A1, all of intervals 1A2 and IB, and part of 1C (ref. 3). (Intervals 1A1 and 1A2 together constitute interval 1A; see Fig. 1). By ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The critical importance of dosage compensation is underscored by a novel human syndrome (“XYXq syndrome”) in which we have detected partial X disomy, demonstrated supernormal gene expression resulting from the absence of X inactivation, and correlated this overexpression with its ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We have constructed a genetic map of the mouse genome containing 4,006 simple sequence length polymorphims (SSLPs). The map provides an average spacing of 0.35 centiMorgans (cM) between markers, corresponding to about 750 kb. Approximately 90% of the genome lies within 1.1 cM of a marker and 99% ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Several genes are found on both the human X and Y chromosomes in regions that do not recombine during male meiosis. In each case, nucleotide sequence analysis suggests that these X–Y gene pairs encode similar but nonidentical proteins. Here we show that the human Y– and X–encoded ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Endothelial cells ; Inflammation ; Cancer therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group B streptococcus (GBS) isolated from human neonates diagnosed with sepsis and respiratory distress (“early-onset disease”) produces a polysaccharide exotoxin (GBS toxin) that, when infused in sheep, causes lung pathophysiology similar to that seen in humans. Histological studies have demonstrated that GBS toxin induces a strong inflammatory response in the lung, with pulmonary sequestration of granulocytes and extensive capillary endothelial damage. The susceptibility of humans to GBS toxin is age-dependent and limited to about 4 days after birth. It is rarely evident thereafter. This suggests that the binding of GBS toxin to the target endothelium occurs via specific components in the developing lung endothelial cells of the newborn that are later lost. We report here that GBS toxin can also bind to developing endothelium associated with neoplasia and induce an inflammatory response. GBS toxin was shown by immunohistochemistry to bind to capillary endothelium of human large-cell carcinomas. In nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts, intravenously administered GBS toxin caused tumor necrosis and hemorrhagic lesions, and substantially inhibited the rate of growth of the tumors. In BALB/c mice bearing Madison lung tumors, GBS toxin induced an inflammatory response resulting in marked changes in tumor morphology, including vasodilation, endothelial and tumor cell necrosis, invasion of lymphocytes and macrophages, and capillary thrombosis. In these tumor models, no evidence of toxicity to the vasculature of other tissues was observed. The reported pathophysiology of GBS in human neonates, the lack of disease in non-neonates colonized with GBS, and these results suggest that GBS toxin may have potential as a well tolerated agent in cancer therapy of some human tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Cancer therapy ; Inflammation ; Endothelial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract GBS toxin is a polysaccharide exotoxin produced by group BStreptococcus. This organism causes sepsis and respiratory distress in human neonates (so-called early onset disease). This disease is marked by a strong inflammatory response only in the lung, with pulmonary sequestration of granulocytes and extensive capillary endothelial damage, and occurs only during the first few days after birth. We have found that a similar inflammatory response can be induced by i.v. infusion of picomole quantities of GBS toxin in the developing vasculature of transplanted tumors in mice and can significantly retard the tumor growth. When optimum treatment with GBS toxin was started shortly after tumor implantation, a majority of tumors in the mice regressed and the mice remained tumor-free for over 5 months. Some tumors regressed in mice receiving short-term treatment with GBS toxin, but recurred after the treatment was stopped. Median survival times were extended by all regimens and all doses of GBS toxin tested. No evidence of toxicity to the vasculature of other tissues was observed. GBS toxin is being tested for cancer therapy in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 5 (1992), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: groin ; fascia ; transversus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The high recurrence rate of inguinal hernias following primary repair has prompted us to re-examine the anatomy of the inguinal region with particular emphasis on the iliopubic tract (IPT). The IPT is described as an aponeurotic band forming the inferior margin of the transversus abdominis lamina. We documented the presence and degree of development of the IPT in dissections of 151 embalmed inguinal regions and in serial sagittal sections of four body halves. The iliopubic tract was identified in all specimens. It stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine laterally and the pubic tubercle and the pubic tubercle and pectineal line medially. The intervening arch formed a discrete structure of variable thickness and was substantial in 63 specimens. Histological sections demonstrated that the IPT is connected to the inguinal ligament, fascia lata, and anterior femoral sheath and is composed primarily of collagenous fibers with a minor elastic component. These data indicate that the iliopubic tract is a consistent and easily identified structure in the inguinal regions. These results suggest that dissection of the iliopubic tract, like the inguinal ligament, should become an integral part of the assessment of groin anatomy during hernia repair. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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