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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurobiology of Conditioning to Drugs of Abuse (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 654 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25979.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex-Related Differences in Dendritic Branching of Cells in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 3 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given either gonadectomies or sham surgery on the day of birth. In adulthood they were sacrificed and prepared for Golgi-Cox staining. Using a camera lucida technique, layer II/III pyramidal neurons were drawn in the anterior cingulate cortex areas 1 and 3 and the agranular insular cortex and the number of dendritic branches on the apical and basilar dendrites were then summarized. The results showed that the dendritic arbor of prefrontal cortical cells varied as a function of sex and neonatal gonadectomy. In cingulate 3, castrated males had a smaller arbor on the left relative to normal males, whereas, in cingulate 1 the reverse was found. In addition, females had less apical arbor than males in the cingulate areas, whereas, in the agranular insular cortex, females had greater apical arbor than the males. Furthermore, in this region, gonadectomized groups had less arbor than their respective control groups. Finally, in the agranular insular cortex, the dendritic arbor was greater in the left hemisphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1991.tb00245.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neonatal Exposure to Gonadal Hormones Affects the Development of Monoamine Systems in Rat Cortex (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 3 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of neonatal gonadectomy of male, and testosterone propionate treatment of female rat pups on levels of monoamines and metabolites in the cerebral cortex were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In Experiment 1, pups were killed at 0, 4, 10 and 21 days of age and the anterior and posterior portions of cortex in each hemisphere were removed. At 21 days of age the levels of dopamine in anterior cortex were higher in males and testosterone propionate-treated females than in females and gonadectomized males. However, dopaminergic activity developed earlier in females than in males and the gonadal hormone manipulations shifted the pattern of development to that of the other sex. In Experiment 2, the effects of these same gonadal hormone manipulations on the uptake, metabolism and storage capacity of catecholamine neurons in the cingulate, agranular insular, parietal and occipital cortex were estimated at 4 and 10 days of age by considering the difference between measured catecholamines in animals pretreated with vehicle or 2.5 mg/kg reserpine and then given 100 mg/kg L-DOPA. Again, the data indicated earlier development of catecholamine neurons in females, especially in the agranular insular cortex. Dopamine was found to account for group differences; for when dopamine levels alone were considered it was found that, at 4 days of age, females had the highest levels in every area with the exception of the occipital cortex where gonadectomized males had equally high levels. These data suggest a mechanism that might account for sex differences in the development of specific cortical regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1991.tb00244.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of both conditioning and sensitization of the behavioral activating effects of amphetamine is blocked by the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sensitization ; Conditioning ; Stimulants ; MK-801 ; Locomotor activity ; NMDA receptor antagonist ; Amphetamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK-801, has been shown to block the development of sensitization of the behavioral activating effects of amphetamine. Three experiments were designed to determine in rats whether MK-801 had its effects through interference with long-term changes underlying sensitization, per se, or through interference with the development of conditioning of the drug effect to the environment where the drug was given. In experiment 1, conditioning was promoted by explicitly pairing amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg, IP) with the testing environment. In experiment 2, a random-pairing procedure was used to eliminate the possibility of association between the drug and a specific context. Experiment 3 was carried out to assess the duration of the blockade of sensitization by MK-801. The effect of MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg, IP) during amphetamine pre-exposure was studied in tests for conditioning (following saline injections, experiment 1) and in tests for sensitization (following 0.75 mg/kg amphetamine, experiments 1, 2 and 3). It was found in experiment 1 that MK-801 given with amphetamine during the amphetamine pre-exposure phase blocked the development of both conditioning activity and environment-specific sensitization to amphetamine. The results of experiment 2, showing that sensitization to amphetamine was blocked by MK-801 even when conditioning was prevented, suggest that the two effects of MK-801 are independent, and may implicate different sites of action. Experiment 3 showed that the blockade of sensitization by MK-801 was evident in tests made 10 days after pre-exposure to amphetamine, supporting the view that MK-801 interferes with long-term changes underlying sensitization to amphetamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246961
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reinstatement of heroin self-administration habits: morphine prompts and naltrexone discourages renewed responding after extinction (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opioids ; Self-administration ; Reinstatement ; Proponent process ; Opponent process ; Naltrexon ; Relapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of morphine, naltrexone, and nalorphine were studied in rats trained to lever-press for intravenous heroin and then tested under conditions of non-reinforcement. Animals were reinforced for lever-pressing on a continuous reinforcement schedule (100 µg/kg per infusion) for 2–3 h each day following which reinforcement was terminated and animals were studied under extinction conditions for the remainder of the session. Each day following the termination of responding under extinction conditions, animals were given a single injection of saline, morphine, nalorphine, or naltrexone; lever-pressing under the extinction conditions was then observed for several hours. When animals adapted to this regimen, very low levels of responding were seen following saline injections; morphine (2 or 10 mg/kg) reinstated vigorous responding that lasted 1–4 h. Naltrexone (2 mg/kg) suppressed responding below the levels seen after saline, and nalorphine (10 mg/kg) had the same effect as saline. These observations support the view that opioid-seeking behavior is primed by the proponent or opioid-like actions of opioids and not by the opponent or drug-opposite effects associated with opioid withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245289
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure to mild stress enhances the reinforcing efficacy of intravenous heroin self-administration in rats (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 114 (1994), S. 523-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Heroin ; Intravenous drug self-administration ; Opioid drugs ; Progressive ratio ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a mild footshock on intravenous heroin self-administration was examined in male rats. Animals in the stress condition were exposed to 10 min of intermittent footshock (0.5 mA; 0.5 s on, with a mean off period of 40 s) before each of four daily self-administration sessions. Animals in the control group were not exposed to footshock. Following acquisition of heroin-reinforced behavior (100 µg/kg per infusion), during which no group differences emerged, animals were placed on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement and were subsequently tested under a decreasing series of doses. Animals exposed to footshock before each drug session had higher rates of lever pressing for heroin and achieved higher final ratios on the progressive ratio schedule than animals in the control group at the higher doses of heroin. Thus, under the conditions of this experiment, exposture to mild intermittent stress appeared to enhance the reinforcing efficacy of heroin. The parameters of footshock used in the present study, and its relation to drug availability may characterize conditions under which stress leads to increased opioid abuse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02249346
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The kappa-opioid U-50,488H suppresses the initiation of nocturnal spontaneous drinking in normally hydrated rats (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 463-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: U-50,488H ; Kappa-agonists ; Kappa-receptors ; Opioids ; Drinking ; Feeding ; Satiety ; Motivation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a systemic (IP) treatment with 1.0, 3.0 and 9.0 mg/kg U-50,488H (U50), a highly selective kappa-agonist, on spontaneous, nocturnal ingestive behavior of the rat was studied using a microcomputer controlled data acquisition system. The latency to initiate drinking was increased and drinking behavior was suppressed in the first hour after injection in a dose-dependent manner. The consummatory indices of drinking were not affected. After this period of adipsia, a phase of polydipsia, that was probably due to the diuretic effect of U50, was evident. The prophagic effect of U50 was evident only at the dose of 3 mg/kg and was accompanied by an increased duration of feeding episodes but not by a reduced latency to feed. These results suggest that kappa-receptors play a pivotal role in modulating spontaneous drinking in the normally hydrated rat and that this control is mainly exerted on the motivational aspect of drinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244816
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