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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Serum cholesterol ; Nutrition ; Dietary protein ; Thyroxine ; Mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Different dietary proteins determine different serum cholesterol levels if fed in a semisynthetic diet to some, but not all, animal species. In one species, the rabbit, this metabolic response is elicited without adding high sucrose or cholesterol supplements that have to be added to rat or pig diets in order to cause a similar response. Eleven out of 13 studies show that casein and soy protein do not induce different serum cholesterol levels in normal man. More important, protein-induced differences of serum cholesterol concentrations have not been reported when appropriate nutritional methodology has been applied. We conclude that no protein-induced hypercholesterolemia is observed in primates, particularly not in the human species. Dietary recommendations urging the general public to reduce consumption of animal protein because of a higher atherogenicity are not supported by the present data. The biochemical basis of the metabolic responses has been studied by many investigators, but no convincing unifying concept has yet been identified. The recent observation of higher serum thyroxine concentrations following soy protein consumption (and vegetable protein in general) when compared to casein shed new light on this problem. This endocrine response explains a wide array of metabolic features of soy-fed rodents: the lower hepatic VLDL secretion, the higher hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, the higher hepatic apo B, E receptor activity, the higher fecal bile acid excretion, and finally the lower serum cholesterol concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 2673-2679 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The local current density is one of the most important and most difficult parameters to be determined in a thermonuclear plasma. An experimental setup to measure the local electron drift velocity and thus, the current density, by means of tangential Thomson scattering, is presented. The drift velocity of the plasma causes a small wavelength shift of the scattered spectrum, which will be proportional to the local current density if toroidal ion rotation can be neglected. The ratio between the drift velocity and the mean thermal electron velocity is small, typically ∼0.05. A 20-channel high transmission polychromator has been constructed to observe the electron temperature and density within an accuracy of 1% and the drift velocity within 20% at a plasma density ne≈5×1019 m−3 and a laser energy of 7 J. A feasibility test on radial scattering shows that there is good agreement between the accuracy obtained from quantum statistics and observations, respectively. The high transmission and relatively high resolution of the polychromator enable the observation of irregularities in the velocity distribution which should be taken into account in the determination of the drift velocity. Preliminary observations in the tangential direction demonstrate the possibility to determine the drift velocity by a single laser shot. At ne ≈6×1019 m−3 and a laser energy of 3.5 J in the scattering volume a wavelength shift of −2.5±0.5 nm has been recorded corresponding to jφ≈1×107 A/m2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: risk ; galactose ; hydrolyzed lactose ; toxicity ; galactose-1-phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir haben die Wirkung einer Glukose-Galaktose-Zufuhr, wie sie bei Aufnahme von Lebensmitteln mit hydrolysierter Laktose auftreten kann, untersucht. Dazu erhielten 5 gesunde erwachsene Versuchspersonen morgens nüchtern je 32,3 g Glukose plus 32,3 g Galaktose (entsprechend 125 g eines Magermilchpulvers mit hydrolysierter Laktose). Die postprandialen erythrozytären Galaktose-1-Phosphat-(Gal-1-P-)Spiegel stiegen bei keinem der Probanden höher als 22,3 Μmol/l gepackter Erythrozyten an. Damit erreichten die Konzentrationen dieses Indikatormetaboliten lediglich 22 % der Spiegel, die sich bei galaktosämischen Kindern als sicher herausgestellt haben, was die Entstehung von Leberoder Hirnschäden bzw. Katarakten angeht. Wir schließen daraus, daß das Kriterium der erythrozytären Gal-1-P-Spiegel kein Stoffwechselrisiko beim Konsum von hydrolysierter Laktose erkennen läßt. Hingegen ist die Aufnahme von Galaktose allein ohne Glukose von 17fach höheren Plasma-Galaktosespiegeln und einer ca. 8fach höheren erythrozytären Gal-1-P-Konzentration begleitet. Die Zufuhr von Galaktose allein dürfte daher ein erheblich höheres Stoffwechselrisiko verursachen.
    Notes: Summary This study deals with the metabolic effects of hydrolyzed lactose: After an overnight fast 5 healthy adult volunteers consumed a glucose-galactose mixture equivalent to 61.4g of lactose (or 125g of a dried skim milk powder with hydrolyzed lactose). The postprandial rise of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1-P) never exceeded 22.3 Μmol per liter packed red blood cells. This amounts to no more than 22 % of the levels known from galactosemic children to be safe, concerning ocular, neural or hepatic damage. We conclude that the consumption of the hydrolyzed lactose does not cause a risk for consumer's health as judged from this galactose metabolite. A considerably higher risk, however, may accompany the consumption of galactose alone which causes around 17-fold higher plasma galactose levels and around 8-fold higher erythrocyte gal-1-P concentrations for more extended time periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: pig ; dietary protein ; intestine ; bile acids ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie werden quantitative und qualitative Unterschiede im Gehalt an Gallensäuren und Cholesterin beschrieben, die im Dünndarm von Miniaturschweinen nach Diäten beobachtet wurden, die entweder Casein oder Sojaproteinisolat enthielten. Die intestinale Gesamtmenge an Gallensäuren war signifikant höher, wenn Sojaproteinisolat gefüttert worden war. Wurde das Protein als einzige Komponente verfüttert, so lagen die Werte bei 4.51±0.39 mmol, während die Caseingruppe 2.43±0.08 mmol aufwies. Wurde das Protein als Teil einer semisynthetischen Diät gegeben, waren die Werte für die Sojagruppe 6.44±1.04 mmol und für die Caseingruppe 3.95±0.39 mmol. Bei der Caseingruppe lagen die prozentualen Anteile an der Gesamtmenge der Gallensäuren im Dünndarm bei 39.6 % Hyocholsäure, 31% Hyodeoxycholsäure und 27.6% Chenodeoxycholsäure. Die Tiere, die Sojaproteinisolat bekamen, hatten in der Tendenz mehr sekundäre Gallensäuren. Das Chymusfrischgewicht im Dünndarm lag in der Sojagruppe um 63 % über dem der Caseingruppe. Unter allen experimentellen Bedingungen wurde eine enge Beziehung zwischen dem Gehalt an Chymus und Gallensäuren im Dünndarm beobachtet. Die Sojagruppe wies in der Tendenz höhere Mengen an Gallensäuren im distalen Jejunum auf. Die Soja- und Caseingruppe wiesen keine Unterschiede im Cholesteringehalt des Dünndarms auf.
    Notes: Summary This study reports quantitative and qualitative differences in intestinal bile acids and cholesterol in miniature pigs following dietary casein or soy protein isolate. The total amount of bile acids in the small intestine was significantly higher when soy protein isolate was fed in comparison to casein. The values were (mean±SEM) 4.51 ±0.39 mmol and 2.43±0.08 mmol, respectively, when the proteins were given as the sole component of the diet. When the proteins were given as part of a semipurified diet, these values were 6.44±1.04 mmol and 3.95±0.39 mmol, respectively. Hyocholic acid amounted to 39.6%, hyodeoxycholic acid to 31 %, and chenodeoxycholic acid to 27.6% of total bile acids in the small intestine when casein was fed. The soy-fed animals tended to have more secondary bile acids. The total small bowel chymus content, on a wet weight basis, was 63 % higher in the soy group. In all experimental conditions studied, there was a close correlation between small bowel chyme content and bile acid content. The distribution of bile acids in the small intestine showed that the soy fed animals tended to have more bile acids in the distal parts of the jejunum. The intestinal cholesterol contents were not significantly different between dietary groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 27 (1988), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: growth hormone ; casein ; soy protein ; endocrine response ; hypercholesterolemia ; Wachstumshormon ; Casein ; Sojaprotein ; endokrine Reaktion ; Hypercholesterinämie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Casein, im Gegensatz zu pflanzlichen Proteinen, führt bei einigen Tierspezies zu Hypercholesterinämie. Dies könnte mit einer Änderung des Hormonstatus einhergehen. Neben anderen Hormonen hat das Wachstumshormon (GH) eine wichtige Rolle in der Regulation des Cholesterinstoffwechsels. Ein GH-Mangel führt zu Hypercholesterinämie. Diese Untersuchung zeigt, daß die zyklischen Schwankungen der GH-Spiegel durch die Art des Nahrungsproteins beeinflußt werden. Die GH-Mittelwerte und die errechnete Fläche unter den GH-Spiegeln über 4 Stunden sind bei Caseingefütterten Tieren höher als bei Sojaprotein-gefütterten Tieren. Höhere GH-Spiegel in Casein-gefütterten im Vergleich zu Gluten-gefütterten Tieren wurden bereits beobachtet. Unsere Daten unterstützen also die These, daß verschiedene Nahrungsproteine zu unterschiedlichen endokrinen Antworten führen. Da aber niedrige GH-Spiegel die Voraussetzung für die Ausbildung einer Hypercholesterinämie sind, können die beobachteten Unterschiede nicht die Basis für die Ausprägung einer Casein-induzierten Hypercholesterinämie sein.
    Notes: Summary Dietary casein, compared to vegetable protein, causes hypercholesterolemia in some animal species. This may be associated with a change of hormonal status. Among others, GH has an important impact on cholesterol metabolism; GH deficiency results in hypercholesterolemia. This paper shows that the rhythmic variation of GH levels in rats is differently affected by different dietary proteins. Within a 4-h observation period overall mean values and integrated areas under the GH levels plotted against time are higher with casein as compared to soy protein. Secretory GH peak values are lower than reported before for chow-fed rats. These observations support the idea that different dietary proteins cause a different endocrine response. As GH levels are higher with casein, while lower levels would be expected to be associated with hypercholesterolemia, the observed differences are obviously of less relevance for the expression of casein-induced hypercholesterolemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: cholesterol ; triglycerides ; lipoproteins ; ω 3 fatty acids ; Cholesterol ; Triglyceride ; Lipoproteine ; ω-3-Fettsäuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Kurzzeit-Experiment wurde an gesunden, normolipidämischen Probanden geprüft, ob durch einen mäßig hohen Fischverzehr der Gehalt an Plasma- und Lipoproteinlipiden gesenkt werden kann. 8 Teilnehmer aßen eine Woche lang täglich 100 g Makrele (entsprechend etwa 2,5–3 g ω-3-Fettsäuren). Die Triglycerid-Konzentrationen im Plasma und in den VLDL und LDL waren nach der Fischdiät um 40, 46,7 und 38,5 % niedriger als zu Beginn des Experiments. Die Plasmacholesterol-Konzentration war nur geringfügig erniedrigt, das Verhältnis HDL/Gesamt-Cholesterol aber signifikant erhöht. Die Studie zeigt, daß eine moderate Steigerung des Fischverzehrs bei gesunden, normolipidämischen Probanden innerhalb einer Woche — selbst auf der Basis einer nicht strikt kontrollierten Diät — die Lipidspiegel verändern kann.
    Notes: Summary The effect of mackerel consumption on plasma and lipoprotein lipid concentrations was studied in a seven-day experiment in eight healthy, normolipidemic subjects. Participants ate about 100 g mackerel (corresponding to about 2.5–3 g ω3 fatty acids daily. The mean triglyceride concentrations in total plasma, VLDL, and LDL were significantly reduced by 40, 46.7, and 38.5 % respectively after fish consumption. There was also a small (non-significant) reduction of plasma cholesterol and a (significant) increase of the ratio of HDL/total plasma cholesterol. These data show that a moderately increased intake of ω-3 fatty acids by fish food can change lipid characteristics in healthy normolipidemic individuals within a short-time period, even on a free diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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