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  • 1
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    What is Economic History? (1985)
    London : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    History Today. 35:2 (1985:Feb.) 35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-2753
    Topics: History
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:4109-1985-035-02-000005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 57-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Detrital food web ; Microbes ; Mineralization ; Soil fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several experimental approaches have been taken to demonstrate the importance of soil fauna in nitrogen mineralization, but there have been difficulties interpreting the results. We have supplemented the experimental approach with theoretical calculations of nitrogen transformations in a shortgrass prairie. The calculations incorporate a wide array of information on decomposer organisms, including their feeding preferences, nitrogen contents, life spans, assimilation efficiencies, productio:assimilation ratios, decomposabilities, and population sizes. The results are estimates of nitrogen transfer rates through the detrital food web, including rates of N mineralization by bacteria, fungi, root-feeding nematodes, collembolans, fungal-feeding mites, fungal-feeding nematodes, flagellates, bacterial-feeding nematodes, amoebae, omnivorous nematodes, predaceous nematodes, nematode-feeding mites, and predaceous mites. Bacteria are estimated to mineralize the most N (4.5 g N m−2 year−1), followed by the fauna (2.9), and fungi (0.3). Bacterial-feeding amoebae and nematodes together account for over 83% of N mineralization by the fauna. The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie is similar to that of a desert grassland. The shortgrass detrital web seems to be divided into bacteria- and fungus-based components, although these two branches are united at the level of predaceous nematodes and mites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260580
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil faunal vs. fertilization effects on plant nutrition: results of a biocide experiment (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 46-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nematodes ; Microarthropods ; Agroecosystems ; N mineralization ; Sorghum bicolor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Intact cores of agricultural soil planted with Sorghum bicolor were treated with selective biocides or combinations of biocides to manipulate soil organisms. Half the replicates of each biocide treatment were also given N fertilizer. The plants were maintained in a greenhouse, where growth and nutrient content and soil-organism populations were monitored over 16 weeks. The plants responded strongly to fertilization, but showed weak and variable responses to the biocides, even though biocide treatments aimed at animal taxa effectively reduced their target groups. There were no strong interactions between faunal manipulations and fertilization, implying that there was little compensatory function of fauna in the absence of fertilizer. Conditions under which soil fauna are important in making mineral nutrients available to plants in the field need further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260731
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of food-web structure and function in a shortgrass prairie, a mountain meadow, and a lodgepole pine forest (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Detrital food web ; Microbial ecology ; Soil fauna ; Carbofuran ; Dimethoate ; Lodgepole pine forest ; Semiarid grasslands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The structure of the below-ground detrital food web was similar in three different semiarid vegetation types: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia), mountain meadow (Agropyron smithii), and shortgrass prairie (Bouteloua gracilis). The densities of component food-web functional groups and the response to removal of component groups, differed however. As measured by biomass, bacteria were dominant in the meadow and prairie, while fungi were dominant in the forest. Resourde-base dominance was reflected in consumer dominance, and both directly correlated with the form of inorganic N present. Bacterial-feeding nematodes were numerically dominant in the meadow and prairie, while microarthropods were dominant in the forest. Ammonium-N was the dominant form in the forest, while nitrate —nitrite-N was the more important form in both bacterial-dominated grasslands. Addition of a biocide solution containing carbofuran and dimethoate reduced the numbers of both microarthropods and nematodes. In the bacterial-dominated grasslands, these reductions resulted in no apparent effect on bacterial densities because one group of bacterial consumers (protozoa) increased following the decrease in bacteria-feeding nematodes, in increased fungal biomass, and in increased soil inorganic N. Conversely, in the forest, following the biocide-induced reduction in consumers, the total fungal biomass decreased, but inorganic-N levels increased. The meadow appeared to be the most resilient of the three ecosystems to biocide disturbance, as both nematode and arthropod numbers returned to control levels more rapidly in the meadow than in the prairie or the forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260513
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter- and intraspecific feeding selectivity of Folsomia candida (Willem) (Collembola, Isotomidae) on fungi (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 6-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Inter- and intraspecific feeding ; Collembola ; Folsomia candida ; Acremonium sp. ; Paecilomyces varioti ; Penicillium citrinum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Selective grazing of fungi by soil microarthropods may affect decomposition rates of litter materials and the structure of microarthropod and fungal communities. We developed laboratory methods to assay feeding selectivity and investigated the preferences of the collembolan Folsomia candida on three fungi: Acremonium sp., Paecilomyces varioti, and Penicillium citrinum. F. candida showed stronger preference for Acremonium sp. than for P. varioti and P. citrinum. Oviposition site selection followed the same pattern. Actively metabolizing hyphae of Acremonium sp. and P. varioti were preferred over senescent hyphae, while spores of P. citrinum were preferred over active hyphae. If microarthropod preference for active hyphae is extensive, microarthropod regulation of decomposition could be more important than their biomass indicates. Furthermore, as the P. citrinum results indicate, mechanisms of microbial dissemination may include selective grazing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264338
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Filter-out-grazers (FOG): A filtration experiment for separating protozoan grazers in soil (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Protozoa ; Ciliates ; flagellates ; Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization ; Grazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the present experiment, natural protozoan fauna and other microbial components in water extracts from shortgrass prairie soil were separated on the basis of size by differential filtration (8-, 5-, and 3-μm porosities). All extracts contained bacteria and fungi, along with a few very small flagellates (3-μm pore size filtrate); flagellates and a few small amoebae (5-μm pore size filtrate); and flagellates, small amoebae, and small ciliates (8-μm pore size filtrate). All microorganisms, except a few species of flagellates, were present in the centrifuge treatment. Each filtrate was added to sterile soil, and the population of each microbial group was determined after inoculation at intervals up to 80 days (at room temperature). Populations of all added groups decreased on initial addition to soil but then increased during the incubation. By following nitrogen, phosphorus, and CO2 dynamics, we observed impacts of protozoan grazing on bacteria, including mineralization of N from microbial biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255133
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular typing of methicillin and gentamicin resistantStaphylococcus aureus in Dublin (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 5 (1986), S. 719-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The high incidence of infection in Dublin hospitals caused by non-typable strains of methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MGRSA) has created an important epidemiological problem as conventional methods of sub-dividing these organisms have not been useful. This report describes a novel approach to the typing and analysis of MGRSA strains, particularly non-typable isolates, by (i) comparing restriction endonuclease Hin dIII digest patterns of total cellular DNA; and (ii) by using Southern hybridization analysis to detect size variations or polymorphisms in restriction endonuclease cleavage fragments within small regions of the chromosome. Non-typable MGRSA strains and isolates belonging to two phenotypically related groups of phage-type 77 and 77/84 strains were readily subdivided on the basis of molecular size differences in high molecular weight DNA fragments generated by the enzyme Hin dIII. Restriction endonuclease fragment size polymorphisms were readily detected in many of the non-typable strains tested in hybridization experiments, and these were used for strain sub-division. Both techniques were useful tools for the separation of closely related MGRSA strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013312
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rates of rhizodeposition and ammonium depletion in the rhizosphere of axenic oat roots (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 97 (1987), S. 333-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Artificial soil ; Axenic roots ; Oats ; Rhizosphere dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A multiple split root chamber and artificial soil were developed which allowed for maintenance of axenic conditions and for the isolation of soil from specific regions of single roots. A sterile minirhizotron was used to measure patterns and rates of root extension under sterile conditions. Carbon and nitrogen distributions in the rhizosphere of sterile oat roots were measured in combination with rates of root elongation to calculate specific rates of rhizodeposition and ammonium nitrogen uptake. The highest rates of rhizodeposition C production and N depletion occurred at the root tip (first day segment). Rhizodeposited soluble and insoluble C compounds represented up to 50% of the standing root biomass C. Within 48 hours after root entry, levels of rhizosphere ammonium-N decreased by 40–50%. The results were summarized in a simple model of root growth, rhizodeposition, and NH 4 + −H uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383223
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