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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electric dipole moment of NiH X 2Δ5/2 and B 2Δ5/2 (1985)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 82 (1985), S. 4717-4718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A sputter source/supersonic jet apparatus has been developed in order to record MJ-resolved Stark spectra of refractory diatomic molecules. Dipole moments of 0.3±0.1 and 2.4±0.1 D have been measured for the NiH B 2Δ5/2(v=1) and X 2Δ5/2(v=0) levels from resolved splittings of the Q(2.5) and R(2.5) lines at 17 462.95 and 17 500.50 cm−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.448682
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  • 2
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    Human reactions to reward and punishment: A questionnaire examination of Gray's personality theory (1989)
    London, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    British journal of psychology. 80 (1989) 509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0007-1269
    Topics: Psychology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:0047-1989-080-00-000039
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison between the effects of propranolol and chlordiazepoxide on timing behaviour in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Propranolol ; Beta-adrenergic blocker ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Differential punishment of high rates of response (DPH) ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten rats were trained to lever press for food reward on a schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20). Ten more were trained on a new schedule of punishment, designed to be comparable to DRL 20 — differential punishment of high rates of response (DPH 20). Under this schedule, responses with a latency of 20 s or more earned food rewards, while those of less than 20 s were followed by food reward and brief electric footshock. After 42 sessions, rats on each schedule showed temporal discrimination in the distribution of inter-response times. The effects on these baselines of the anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 1 mg/kg IP) and the beta-blocker propranolol (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg IP) were investigated. Both drugs reduced numbers of responses reaching criterion (criterion resonses) in DPH, CDP increasing total responses. CDP acted similarly under DRL, but propranolol only affected performance at the highest doese, which reduced criterion responses, probably because of changes in total responding. Each drug increased response bursts. It is concluded that propranolol can exert a disinhibitory action in these schedules, although with some differences from that of the benzodiazepine CDP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431812
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of peripheral noradrenaline depletion on responding on a schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Noradrenaline ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract First, it was confirmed that systemic injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine HBr (30 mg/kg IP) depleted noradrenaline levels in rat heart, but not centrally. Losses averaged 90% of control 1 day after injection, and 50% at 42 days. The same drug and dose was then administered to 50% of a group of rats which had been trained to lever-press for food reward on continuous reinforcement (CRF). After further CRF sessions, the rats were changed to a schedule of Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20). The drugged rats earned fewer reinforcements during DRL than did controls, and made fewer responses. Temporal discrimination (shown by the IRT/Opp distribution) was disrupted. It is concluded that peripheral noradrenergic systems may be involved in the control over responding by temporal cues associated with reward and non-reward.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431782
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinergic-rich brain transplants reverse alcohol-induced memory deficits (1988)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 332 (1988), S. 448-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a high level of alcohol intake for 28 weeks and, after a further four weeks free of alcohol, were tested in an eight-arm radial maze21 for memory function. Four of the eight arms were baited with reward and correct choices were defined either spatially (by ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332448a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of compounds related to γ-aminobutyrate and benzodiazepine receptors on behavioural responses to anxiogenic stimuli in the rat: Choice behaviour in the T-maze (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 328-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: GABAergic hypothesis of anxiolytic action ; Muscimol ; Baclofen ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Picrotoxin ; Bicuculline ; Spontaneous alternation ; Response to stimulus change ; Exploration ; Novelty ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two methods were used to test rats' responses to novelty in the T-maze: (1) a test of spontaneous alternation allowing separate measurement of place and body turn alternation; and (2) a test of entry into an arm of changed brightness (“response to stimulus change”). Chlordiazepoxide reduced spontaneous alternation by specifically weakening body turn alternation and eliminated the response to stimulus change. These findings are similar to those previously reported for the barbiturate sodium amylobarbitone. The same pattern of change in the two tests was seen after a low dose of the GABAA agonist muscimol (0.00125 mg/kg); when the dose of muscimol was raised (0.01 and 0.25 mg/kg), place alternation was also reduced. Picrotoxin but not bicuculline (both GABAA blockers) reversed the effects of muscimol and partially those of chlordiazepoxide on the response to stimulus change; in the spontaneous alternation test picrotoxin only marginally affected the response to 0.25 mg/kg muscimol and actually enhanced the effect of 0.000125 mg/kg. The GABAB agonist baclofen (1 mg/kg) acted in the test of response to stimulus change like chlordiazepoxide and muscimol; however, when baclofen was combined with muscimol, the two drugs tended to show mutual blocking. These results are generally consistent with the hypothesis that GABAergic mechanisms play a role in anxiolytic behavioural activity, but many details are difficult to explain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432223
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of propranolol on conditioned suppression, discriminated punishment and discriminated non-reward in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 88 (1986), S. 252-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Propranolol ; d-Propranolol ; l-Propranolol ; Punishment ; Conditioned suppression ; Non-reward ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Experiment I, two groups of rats were rewarded for lever-pressing under RI 64. During signalled 3-min intrusion periods shocks were delivered response-contingently (on RI 64) for the Punishment group and non-contingently (on RT 64) for the Conditioned Suppression group.d,l-Propranolol (2, 5 mg/kg) released intrusion responding to a similar extent in the two groups. Experiment II comprised two distinct experiments: two groups of rats were trained in parallel on signalled multiple schedules in which responding during the baseline component was rewarded on RI 20. For the second component responding was extinguished in Experiment IIa; it continued to be rewarded but was also punished by electric shock in Experiment IIb. Shock levels were adjusted individually so as to produce similar levels of response suppression in these two groups.d,l-Propranolol released non-rewarded responding (2–5 mg/kg; Expt IIa) but had no effect on punishment (2–10 mg/kg; Expt IIb).l-Propranolol (2.5 mg/kg) but notd-propranolol (2.5 mg/kg) also released non-rewarded responding in Expt IIa. In a further triald,l-propranolol (5 mg/kg) released punished responding in Expt IIb in a group of animals in which response suppression had been partially relieved by reducing shock intensity. It is hypothesized that beta-adrenergic stimuli may influence response suppression to the extent that the unconditioned aversive event causing suppression is not salient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00652250
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opposing acute and chronic behavioural effects of a beta-blocker, propranolol, in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 480-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Propranolol ; Beta-adrenergic blocker ; Differential reinforcement of low rates of response (DRL) ; Anxiety ; Antianxiety drugs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained over 40 days to lever-press for food reward under a schedule of differential reinforcement of low rates of response with a 20-s criterion (DRL 20), following seven sessions of continuous reinforcement. The effect of injecting a beta-adrenergic blocker, propranolol (5 mg/kg IP), before and at two different delays after each daily session of DRL were investigated. In Experiment I, rats drugged 5–8 min before every session earned fewer reinforcements compared to controls, and showed impaired temporal discrimination. In Experiment II, this result was not replicated, but similar effects were clear in animals drugged pre-session from the 15th day of acquisition. By contrast, an improved temporal discrimination, and increased number of reinforcements were seen in rats drugged 5–8 min after every session. In Experiment III, the postsession effects were replicated and found also in rats drugged 4–5.5 h after each session. These results suggest that propranolol has an acute effect on DRL responding which resembles that of anxiolytics, and a chronic effect which opposes the acute one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427913
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of RO 15-1788 on a running response rewarded on continuous or partial reinforcement schedules (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 371-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: RO 15-1788 ; Benzodiazepine receptors ; Partial reinforcement extinction effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were run in which rats were rewarded with food for running in a straight alley at one trial a day, followed by extinction of the running response. During acquisition of the response, reward was delivered either on a continuous reinforcement (CRF) or on a quasirandom 50% partial reinforcement (PRF) schedule. The groups given PRF were more resistant to extinction than those given CRF, the well-known partial reinforcement extinction effect. In Experiment 1 different groups of rats were injected during acquisition only with 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg of the benzodiazepine antagonist, RO 15-1788, or with placebo. In Experiment 2, 5 mg/kg RO 15-1788 or placebo were administered in a full cross-over design during acquisition, extinction or both. At the end of Experiment 2 only [3H]-flunitrazepam binding was measured in either the presence or absence of added γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) in homogenates of hippocampi dissected from the animals that had received behavioural training. The drug affected running speeds during both acquisition and extinction in different ways depending upon the schedule of reinforcement (CRF or PRF) and also gave rise to enhanced GABA stimulation of [3H]-flunitrazepam binding. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the neurochemical pathways by which reinforcement schedules modify behaviour include a step influenced by benzodiazepine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174692
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