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DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND INEQUALITY IN THE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF LABOR AND NONLABOR INCOME (1989)

Black, Dan A. ; Hayes, K. J. ; Slottje, D. J.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Review of income and wealth 35 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-4991

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Economics

Notes: This paper utilizes a joint distribution model of labor and nonlabor income that allows us to analyze the impact of demographic change in the U.S. on the marginal distributions of these two income components over time. The beta distribution of the second kind is the hypothetical statistical distribution used in this study to approximate the observed income graduation. This distribution is sum stable which allows us to compare and contrast the marginal distributions in a consistent manner, a property most hypothesized functional forms of income distribution do not possess. We are in effect using a hyperparameter model to do our estimation. We examined the impact of changes over time in labor force participation and population on the marginal distributions of labor and nonlabor income. We disaggregated the variables by sex and age cohorts and found that changes in the age distribution and in the labor supply behavior of women in particular has had a significant effect on the marginal income distributions over time. We also found that the results vary when we examined overall changes in the labor force participation rate vis a vis changes in women's labor force participation separately. The findings are consistent for both income components.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1989.tb00594.x

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Plantarflexor muscle function in young and elderly women (1989)

Vandervoort, A. A. ; Hayes, K. C.

Springer

European journal of applied physiology 58 (1989), S. 389-394

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ISSN: 1439-6327

Keywords: Aging ; Reflex ; Muscle contraction ; Ankle

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary Contractile properties of the ankle plantarflexor muscles were compared between groups of young (¯x=26y) and elderly (¯x=82y) women. The H-reflex muscle contraction in the elderly group was characterized by a significant slowing of torque generation, as compared to the young women (means for average rate of torque development were young=0.16 Nm ms−1±0.02 (SE), elderly=0.09 Nm ms−1±0.02,P〈0.05). However, the proportion of the total motor unit pool activated by the reflex was similar for the young and elderly groups at 63% and 70%, respectively. Maximal voluntary isometric torques were significantly lower (71%) in the elderly (young ¯x=135.3 Nm±9.3, elderly ¯x=39.2 Nm±2.9,P〈0.01). These results are consistent with, and extend, previous reports showing decreased strength and speed of contraction in elderly muscle. Given that the average body weight was similar for the young and elderly groups, it was concluded that the aged plantarflexor muscles exhibited considerable impairment in ability to generate stabilizing torques about the ankle joint.