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  • 1
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    Baltimore : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Human Biology. 59:1 (1987:Feb.) 165 
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; occurrence ; migrants ; acculturation ; longitudinal studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The migration of Tokelauans from a traditional atoll in the Pacific to urban New Zealand is associated with an increased prevalence and incidence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus over the period 1968–1982. During the same period, a lesser but definite increase is seen among non-migrants in Tokelau. The age standardised prevalence rates rose from 7.5 and 11.7 to 10.8 and 19.9 per 100 respectively in the male and female migrants compared with an increase from 3.0 and 8.7 to 7.0 and 14.3 per 100 in the nonmigrant males and females respectively. The incidence of diabetes is shown to be consistently higher in the migrants compared to the non-migrants giving relative risks of 1.5 in males and 1.9 in females. The factors most likely contributing to this difference, are changes to a higher calorie, high protein diet, higher alcohol consumption, a greater weight gain and altered levels of physical activity in the migrants. A number of populations in the Pacific have been shown to have a low rate of diabetes in their traditional setting, but may have a genetic predisposition for diabetes which responds to factors in the urban industrialised environment and life-style. The social and economic changes taking place in Tokelau are also clearly increasing the risk of diabetes. To reverse these trends and prevent the development of complications of Type 2 diabetes, it will be important to institute preventive programmes and to follow up the population in both environments for long-term outcomes, including mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 7 (1987), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Tokelau ; Migrants ; Rheumatism ; Osteoarthritis ; Epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three Tokelau atolls are 8 degrees south of the equator. In 1966 the islands were involved in a severe hurricane which drew attention to overcrowding and led to resettlement of more than half the population in New Zealand. One thousand three hundred and eighty one migrants over 15 years old were examined in New Zealand in 1980 and 1981 for rheumatic complaints as part of a continuing assessment. Clinical criteria for osteoarthritis (COA), including crepitus in any joint and in the knee, showed an increase in prevalence with age and weight in both sexes. Partial correlation coefficient analysis showed an association of the number of affected joints or the severity of knee COA (COAK) with both age and weight. Stepwise regression showed that age was the best predictor of both COA and COAK scores. Weight had predictive value only for COAK and only in women. Using the tracking method, previous high and/or increasing weight was related to COAK observed at this assessment. Heberden nodes increased with age and were more prevalent in women but were not associated with weight. Low back, dorsal and neck pain showed no association with age or sex. Low back pain was associated with weight. Joint pain following injury occurred in 15.4% of men. Gout, more common in men, was the only frequent inflammatory arthritis found. Two definite cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were identified and four had criteria 1 and 2 for the New York criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 7 (1987), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Tokelau ; Migrants ; Rheumatism ; Osteoarthritis ; Epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The migration of 1381 Tokelauans 15 years and over to New Zealand leaving 811 in Tokelau, provided a unique opportunity to test centuries of speculation on the impact of environment on rheumatic disease. There was no change in all rheumatic complaints. The migrant men had more gout, joint pain following injury, and neck pain. The migrant women had more dorsal back pain. There was no change in the prevalence of clinically defined osteoarthritis (COA) despite positive associations with weight and higher weights in the migrants. Rheumatoid arthritis was infrequent in both populations. Low back pain was common but was not more common in migrants, though compensation payments are readily available in New Zealand and are not in the Islands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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