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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Event-related cross-correlation ; Spike train analysis ; Signal transmission ; Motor units ; Muscle spindle afferents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented for computing correlation coefficients of two (or more) output spike trains in temporal relation to one (or more) input event trains. These event-related correlation functions are computed by convolving the output spike trains, represented as point processes, with rectangular pulses of selectable width, and by then calculating linear correlation coefficients for the pairs of amplitude values obtained from the two convolved processes in temporal relation to the input events. The merits of this technique are illustrated on stimulus trains delivered to motor units (MUs) and output spike trains recorded from muscle spindle afferents of the same cat hindlimb muscle. The correlation functions obtained show the temporal course of the correlated firings of the two afferents (mostly Ia afferents from primary muscle spindle endings) as a function of time from MU activation; they are compared with the conventional cross-correlation histograms (CCHs) between afferents and with peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) between stimulus and afferent firing patterns. Stimulus-related cross-correlation functions as displayed here can be calculated for any three spike trains. Possible extensions of the method to larger numbers of input and output channels are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Gastric wall ; Laser-hydrothermosounds ; Tissue lesion ; Guideline for secure therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie sollen die Auswirkungen der endoskopisch angewandten Hydrothermo- und Lasercoagulation auf die humane Magenwand in vivo näher definiert werden. Ziel ist es, das Ausmaß der Gewebsschädigung bei verschiedenen Applikationsenergien festzustellen, um so eine für den Patienten sichere Anwendung zu gewährleisten. Bei 8 Patienten, die wegen eines Magencarcinoms zur Gastrektomie vorgesehen waren, wurden bei der routinemäßigen präoperativen Gastroskopie Coagulationsmarken mit beiden Energieträgern auf die dem Tumor benachbarte normale Schleimhaut des Antrum gesetzt. Wir verwendeten einen Neodymium YAG Laser (maximale Leistung 70 W, Applikationsdauer variiert zwischen 1 und 3 s) sowie die monopolare Elektrohydrothermosonde (Erbotom, maximale Leistung 170 W, Applikationsdauer zwischen 1 und 3 s). Die Gastrektomie erfolgte innerhalb von 3–6 Tagen nach Setzen der Coagulationsmarken. Beim Vergleich der Hydrothermosonden- und Lasercoagulationsmarken fand sich, daß die Hydrothermosonde bei gleicher Applikationsdauer größere Nekrosezonen verursachte als der Laser. In der histologischen Untersuchung konnte eine direkte Korrelation zwischen dem oberflächlichen Durchmesser und der Eindringtiefe der Nekrose gefunden werden. Die Läsionen reichten bei der maximalen Applikationsdauer bis an die Serosa. Eine Läsion der Serosa selbst konnte nie festgestellt werden. Die endoskopische Behandlung mit Hydrothermosonden- bzw. Lasercoagulation ist bei Einhaltung der angegebenen Maximalwerte sicher, da an unseren Präparaten nie eine Serosaläsion festgestellt werden konnte. Blutende Läsionen können mit mehr Leistung coaguliert werden, da ein Teil der Energie durch das ausgetretene Blut absorbiert wird.
    Notes: Summary Effect of thermic and laser energy applied onto human in vivo gastric wall has not yet been reported in literature. In our study we evaluated the maximum amount of energy not harming the patient as well as principles for secure and sufficient therapy. In 8 patients hospitalized for gastric resection we applied vaporization by laser- and hydrothermosounds in this part of the stomach which should be resected. Endoscopic pictures were taken. We used a NdYAG laser (maximum performance 70 W, time of application 1–3 s) and hydrothermosounds (maximum performance 170 W, time of application 1–3 s). The stomach was resected 3–8 days following application. Comparing laser- and hydrothermosounds marks we observed a bigger area of necrosis at hydrothermosounds marks using the same amount of energy. In histological investigation correlation between depth and diameter of necrosis was found. After the same application time both depth and diameter of necrosis were bigger by hydrothermosounds than by laser. Lesions reached serosa at the maximum time of application of 3 s. Serosal lesion itself did not appear. Endoscopic treatment of tissue lesion by laser and thermic irradiation (vaporization of bleeding polyp pedicles, treatment of tumors) is secure using the maximum energy mentioned above. Serosal lesion did not appear. Bleeding lesions must be treated by higher energy because of absorption of energy by escaped blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 333 (1989), S. 319-320 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have searched for neutrons from a Pd-electrode loaded with deuterium in electrolysis setups similar to those of Fleischmann and Pons [1] and Jones et al. [2]. Within the sensitivity of our neutron detection system corresponding to a neutron source strength of 5 x 10− 2 neutrons/s we did not find any neutrons due to ‘cold nuclear fusion’. We emphasize the necessity of using several independent neutron detectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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