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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 15 (1985), S. 781-783 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 329-345 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Nickel-silicon alloys ; silica ; adhesion ; spallation ; ion implantation ; healing layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An investigation of the oxidation of nickel-silicon alloys has been carried out in order to ascertain the mode of development of partially or fully protective SiO2 layers. The addition of 1% Si has little effect on the oxidation rate of nickel at 1000°C but is sufficient for partial-healing layers of amorphous SiO2 to be established. These layers are incorporated into the inner part of the duplex NiO scale but do not react with the oxide to form a double oxide. Increasing the silicon concentration to 4% or 7% facilitates the development of apparently continuous amorphous SiO2 layers at the base of the NiO scale, resulting in reduced rates of oxidation. However, these layers develop imperfections, possibly microcracks resulting from oxide growth stresses, and are unable to prevent some continued transport of Ni2+ ions into the NiO scale and oxygen into the alloy, particularly for Ni-4% Si. Although the formation of SiO2-healing layers can reduce the rate of oxidation of nickel, they provide planes of weakness that result in considerable damage under the differential thermal contraction stresses during cooling. In particular, severe scale spalling occurs for Ni-4% Si and Ni-7% Si as failure occurs coherently within the SiO2 layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: laser treatment ; chromia scales ; oxidation ; nickel-chromium alloys ; laser glazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of laser surface treatment on the isothermal oxidation of Ni-10%Cr and Ni-15%Cr at 1025°C in oxygen at 1 atm pressure has been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on the progressive establishment of a Cr2O3 healing layer, which is facilitated by rapid-diffusion paths for chromium to the surface from the bulk alloy. For nonlaser treated alloys, such paths are alloy grain boundaries. A partial Cr2O3 layer forms initially in localized sites at, and immediately adjacent to, these boundaries and progresses into the alloy grains in a stepwise manner following lateral diffusion of chromium from the grain boundaries, thereby developing a contoured configuration. For Ni-15%Cr, there is sufficient chromium in the bulk alloy grains to sustain the eventual development of a self-healing layer parallel to the surface. For Ni-10%Cr, this is not the case and complete development of the healing layer results entirely from the stepwise progression from the grain boundaries. Establishment of the healing layer on laser-glazed surfaces is facilitated by additional rapid-diffusion paths, particularly retained alloy grain boundaries, retained alloy twins, a laser-induced microstructure and solidification artifacts (such as ripples). The relative importance of these features is discussed in relation to the oxidation behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 24 (1985), S. 99-114 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidative wear ; friction ; wear-protective oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract During like-on-like reciprocating sliding in air (amplitude 2.5 mm, load 1.5 kg, speed 500 double traversais per minute), the formation of oxides can have considerable influence on the friction and wear characteristics of high-temperature alloys, such as Jethete M152 and Rex 535. In particular, above a certain transition temperature, between 200 and 300°C for these alloys under these conditions, an adherent, smooth wear-protective oxide layer is developed on the load-bearing surfaces. At lower temperatures, oxide debris reduces the extent of metal-metal contact, thereby reducing the friction and wear rate, but does not eliminate it completely. The oxide debris is produced by two processes; one involves transient oxidation of the metal surfaces, removal of such oxide during each transversal, and reoxidation of the exposed metal; the other involves the formation, fracture, comminution, and oxidation of metal debris particles. At temperatures above the transition temperature, the oxide debris is compacted and comminuted between the sliding surfaces to develop the wear-protective oxide layer. This paper considers the reasons for the effectiveness of such oxides in terms of the influence of the hydrostatic pressures generated on plastic deformation of the very fine oxide particles or asperities in the surface. The resulting friction during sliding is less than during metal-metal contact because only limited asperity junction growth occurs before the asperities become sufficiently large and the hydrostatic pressures sufficiently reduced to allow fracture within the oxide-oxide junctions. The oxide-wear debris produced is recompacted into the surface, resulting in only very low wear rates. It has been shown that the number of asperity-asperity contacts during sliding of wear-protective oxide layers is relatively high, typically 5×103/mm2 of apparent contact area, while the mean surface flash temperature rise is low, typically 2°C. Consideration is given to some of the conditions that favor development of wear-protective oxide layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 23 (1985), S. 77-106 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cobalt-chromium ; oxidation ; internal oxidation ; annealing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of an initial preinternal oxidation treatment in Co/CoO on the subsequent oxidation behavior of a series of dilute Co-Cr alloys (containing 0–1.5 wt. % Cr) in 105 and 103 Pa oxygen at 1473–1623 Khas been investigated. Particular emphasis has been placed on determining the solubility and mobility of Cr3+ ions in CoO. Use has been made of subsequent annealing in argon $$(p_{O_2 } - 10^{ - 1} {\text{ }}Pa)$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusions This discussion has highlighted the need for further detailed experimentation, using the array of modern equipment plus the development of new techniques in order to establish the data base for the necessary quantitative models. The most important aspect is to understand the break-down process and to learn how to delay or prevent it. To do this, it is necessary to understand fully the growth mechanism of the protective oxide itself and what determines its “quality.” Specific topics for future work include: a. Porosity measurements in growing scales; b. Diffusion measurements in growing scales; c. Measurement of scale ad(co)hesion; d. How to measure the “quality” of oxide, particularly after pretreatment; e. How to achieve all the above nondestructively; f. Establish experimentally the effects of heat flux; g. Developquantitative models for the time to breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 38 (1987), S. 521-531 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bildung von siliciumhaltigen Oxiden bei der Oxidation von Eisen-Chrom-LegierungenDer Einfluß von Silicon auf die Oxidation von Fe 14 Cr und Fe 28 Cr wurde bei hoher Temperatur untersucht; dabei wurde besonders die Bildung und Art der selbstheilenden SiO2-Schichten berücksichtigt. Im allgemeinen ist Silicium als Legierungszusatz in solchen Legierungen weniger wirksam als Aluminium bei der Verbesserung der Oxidationsbeständigkeit, denn SiO2-Schichten wachsen langsamer als α-Al2O3-Schichten. Silicium ist daher als sekundäres Gettermaterial für Sauerstoff weniger wirksam, und die Bildung einer geschlossenen selbstheilenden SiO2-Schicht erfordert längere Zeit als die Bildung einer α-Al2O3-Schicht auf einer entspannenden aluminiumhaltigen Legierung. Trotzdem führt Zusatz von nur 1% Si zu einer deutlichen Verringerung der globalen Oxidationsgeschwindigkeit von Fe 28 Cr, vor allem deshalb, weil dann die Bildung des Cr2O3-Zunders erleichtert ist. Dabei entstehen an der Grenzfläche zwischen Legierung und Zunder SiO2-Ausscheidungen, die nach innen und seitlich wachsen, bis sie nach mehreren 100 Stunden bei 1000°C zu einer kontinuierlichen selbstheilenden Schicht an der Grenzfläche zusammengewachsen sind. Im Falle der Legierung Fe 14 Cr 3 Si sind die Verhältnisse ähnlich, während auf der Legierung Fe 14 Cr 10 Si wegen der hohen Verfügbarkeit des Siliciums die SiO2-Schicht in wesentlich kürzerer Zeit entsteht. Diese selbstheilende Schicht konnte in allen Fällen als amorphes SiO2 identifiziert werden. Diese Phase ist zwar bei isothermischer Oxidation gut schützend, ist jedoch eine Schwachstelle beim Abkühlen: dabei kommt es zu umfangreichen Abplatzungen der kontinuierlichen SiO2-Schicht, gekennzeichnet durch kohäsive Rißbildung innerhalb der Schicht.Ionenimplantation von Silicium in Fe 14 Cr und Fe 28 Cr verringert die Oxidationsgeschwindigkeit dadurch, daß dann die Bildung des Cr2O3-Zunders rascher erfolgt. Gleichzeitiges Implantieren von Yttrium in die FeCrSi-Legierungen erleichtert die Bildung der siliciumhaltigen Oxidschicht, möglicherweise durch die Beeinflussung der Keimbildung der Oxidausscheidungen während der Anfangsstadien der Korrosion.
    Notes: The influence of silicon on the oxidation of Fe-14% Cr and Fe-28% Cr has been studied at high temperature, with particular emphasis on the development and nature of the healing SiO2 layer. In general, silicon is a less effective addition than aluminium to these alloys in improving oxidation resistance because SiO2 grows at a lower rate than α-Al2O3. Hence, silicon is a less successful oxygen secondary getter and development of a complete healing layer of SiO2 is less rapid than that of α-Al2O3 on a corresponding aluminium-containing alloy. Nonetheless, the addition of only 1% Si to Fe-28% Cr causes a marked reduction in the overall oxidation rate, particularly by facilitating development of the Cr2O3 scale. Precipitates of SiO2 form at the alloy/scale interface. These grow inwards and laterally until they eventually link up to establish a continuous healing layer at the interface after several hundred hours exposure at 1000°C. Similar features are observed for Fe-14% Cr-3% Si but the healing SiO2 layer develops after a much shorter time for Fe-14% Cr-10% Si, due to the high silicon availability. In every case, the healing layer has been shown to be amorphous SiO2. Although this phase is very protective during isothermal oxidation, it is a site of weakness during cooling and scale spallation is very extensive from specimens where the SiO2 is continuous, with failure occurring cohesively within that layer.Ion implantation of silicon into Fe-14% Cr and Fe-28% Cr gives a reduced oxidation rate due to facilitation of a more rapid establishment of a Cr2O3 scale. Similar implantation of yttrium into the ternary alloys assists in development of the silicon-containing oxide layer, possibly associated with an influence on the nucleation of the oxide precipitates in the early stages of exposure.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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