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  • 1990-1994  (2)
  • 1980-1984  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 228 (1982), S. 133-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; Valproate ; Epileptic children ; Maintenance therapy ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwanzig Kinder mit verschiedenen Formen einer Epilepsie wurden mit Valproinat behandelt. 11 Kinder erhielten das Medikament als Monotherapie, während bei weiteren 9 Patienten Valproinat in Kombination mit Phenobarbital, Phenytoin oder Carbamazepin verabreicht wurde. Mindestens zwei verschiedene Dosisstufen wurden bei jedem Patienten getestet. Zur Bestimmung der Valproinat-Plasmakonzentrationen und der Pharmakokinetik während eines vollständigen Dosisintervalles wurde eine gaschromatografische Methode eingesetzt. Der klinische Erfolg der Behandlung wurde durch Befragen der Eltern bestimmt. Die Valproinat-Plasmakonzentrationen wiesen während eines Dosisintervalles erhebliche Schwankungen auf. Betrug das Dosisintervall 12 h, so lag der Unterschied zwischen der Konzentration vor Medikamentengabe und der Maximalkonzentration im Durchschnitt bei 82%; bei einem Dosisintervall von 8 h fiel dieser Wert auf 62% ab. Bei Verwendung eines Ein-Kompartimentmodelles war die durchschnittliche Plasmahalbwertszeit 10.9±1.3 (S.D.) h. Bei Kombination mit anderen Substanzen sank dieser Wert ab. Die Fläche unter der Konzentrations-Zeitkurve (AUC) zeigte eine lineare Korrelation zu der Dosis, sowohl bei einem einzelnen Patienten, der 4 verschiedene Dosisstufen erhalten hatte, wie auch bei einem Vergleich verschiedener Patienten. Die klinische Wirksamkeit des Valproinat war am besten bei der Behandlung von Absencen und Myoklonien, aber weniger günstig bei anderen Epilepsieformen. Bei Kindern mit Absencen erwies sich eine Valproinatdosis von 10–40 mg/kg/24 h als günstigste Dosis, während zur Therapie von Myoklonien in dieser Altersklasse etwas höhere Dosen, 30–60 mg/kg/24 h, eingesetzt werden sollten. Bei der Behandlung des letzten Krankheitsbildes scheint ein „therapeutischer Bereich“ für Valproinat zu existieren, da Patienten unterhalb und oberhalb der angegebenen Dosis sich als schlecht eingestellt erwiesen. Serumkonzentrationsbestimmungen im Sinne der Therapiekontrolle erscheinen bei Valproinat-Monotherapie nicht sinnovoll, während die Valproinatmessungen bei einer Kombinationstherapie eine gute Hilfe darstellen können. Die starken Schwankungen der Valproinatkonzentrationen in den Dosisintervallen müssen bei der Beurteilung des klinischen Effektes in Betracht gezogen werden.
    Notes: Summary A total of 20 children with various types of epilepsy were treated with valproate, 11 with monotherapy and 9 with valproate in combination with phenobarbitone, phenytoin, or carbamazepine. Valproate was given either every 8 or 12 h. At least two different dose levels were tried in each patient. The pharmacokinetics of valproate during the interval between doses was determined using a gas chromatographic technique. The clinical effect of the treatment was assessed by interviewing the parents. The plasma concentrations showed considerable fluctuation during the intervals between doses. The mean increase from pre-administration to peak level was 82% when the dose interval was 12 h, and 62% when it was 8 h. The mean plasma half-life of valproate, using a one-compartment model, was 10.9±1.3 h (mean±SD). The plasma half-life of valproate was decreased when the drug was combined with the other anti-epileptics. The calculated area under the concentration versus time curve was linearly related to dose, both in a single patient on four dose levels and when different patients were compared. The clinical effect of valproate monotherapy was best in patients with absences, usually good in myoclonus and less favourable in other types of epilepsy. For children with absences, the optimal dose range of valproate was between 20 and 40 mg/kg/24 h. In comparison, the myoclonic types of epilepsy needed a slightly higher dose level, between 30 and 60 mg/kg/24 h. In the latter group a “therapeutic window” seems to exist, since patients below and above the suggested dose levels were not well-controlled. Therapeutic monitoring of valproate does not appear meaningful when the drug is used as monotherapy. However, in combination therapy, determination of the plasma levels of all anti-convulsants used may be helpful. The large fluctuations of valproate during a dose interval must be taken into consideration when the clinical effects are analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 238 (1991), S. 315-319 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Valproic acid ; Infants ; Protein binding ; Pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of free and total valproic acid (VPA) in plasma and whole blood after oral administration during steady state was investigated in seven infants (mean age 10.7 months) receiving monotherapy. The VPA concentrations in whole blood closely followed those in plasma but at a reduced level. A positive correlation was found between dose and mean plasma concentration (r=0.71). Mean terminal half-lives were similar in plasma and whole blood (12.5 and 15.5 h, respectively), but were considerably longer than for free VPA (6.4 and 6.5 h, respectively; P〈0.01). There was a significant decrease in half-lives with increasing age (P〈0.05). Plasma and whole blood clearance for total VPA was higher than reported in older infants and adults (17.8 and 28.9 ml/kg per hour) and was considerably higher for free VPA (127.6 and 188.8 ml/kg per hour, respectively). The increase in clearance compared with that in older subjects is well in concordance with a lower protein binding of VPA (mean 85.3%). Of special importance is that the percentage of unbound VPA increased with increasing concentrations of total VPA. The fraction of unbound VPA in plasma increased even more in subjects with low albumin concentrations (P〈0.01).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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