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Notes: The induction doses of thiopentone in eight elderly male patients (60–80 years) were significantly lower (p 〈 0.01) than in eight young male patients (ranges 3.09–5.06 mg/kg body weight in the elderly and 4.88–8.11 mg/kg in the young). The sleep concentrations in venous as well as in arterial blood did not differ between the two groups. In the elderly the arterial concentrations were significantly higher than the venous (p 〈 0.05). A three compartment open model was used to describe the disappearance of the drug from the venous blood. Significant increases were found in V3(means 145.9 and 51.2 litres) and in T½β(means 781 and427 minutes) in the elderly. The redistribution rate constant, K1,2, was decreased in the elderly (p 〈 0.05). By impedance cardiography 5 minutes after sleep mean percentages of the pre-induction value of cardiac output were 94.6% in the young and 87.0% in the elderly (p 〈 0.05). In the young a correlation was found between cardiac output and induction dose, (r =0.85, p 〈 0.01).

Notes: Abstract. This study investigates the relationship between probing force and probe penetration into the periodontal tissues in pockets with overt gingivitis and in pockets with minimal gingival inflammation. In eight dogs experimental periodontal tissue breakdown was induced during a period of 14 weeks. The dogs were then distributed over two groups of four dogs each. In one group the dogs were subjected to meticulous tooth cleaning once every day for a period of 3 weeks. The dogs in the second group did not receive any oral hygiene measures. Next, wooden probes were inserted, mesial and distal to each premolar. In each dog six different probing forces were used. Microscopic examination showed that, in the brushed group, epithelium was always present between the probe tips and the connective tissue. In the nonabused group presence of epithelium was found in 21 of 23 specimens. In both groups of dogs it was found that, with increasing probing forces, the location of the tips of the probes changed from a position occlusal to the most coronal connective tissue fibers to a position apical to the most coronal connective tissue fibers. With light probing forces it appeared that in the nonbrushed group the tips of the probes were located more apically. When greater probing forces were used, no differences between the brushed and the nonbrushed group were found. It is suggested that, using a probe of 0.63 mm in diameter, the optimal force level for clinical pocket measurements is about 0.75 N, or in other words, the optimal probing pressure is about 240 N/cm2.〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungMikroskopische Wertung von Messungen der Taschentiefe am Hunde bei Anwendung sechs verschiedener Sondierungsdruckstärken In dieser Studie wird das Verhältnis zwischen der Sondierungskraft und der Penetration der Sondern in das Parodontalgewebe bei Zahnfleischtaschen mit seitlicher und mit minimally Gingivitis untersucht. Bei 8 Beagle Hunden wurde während einer Zeitspanne von 14 Woched experimcntelle Parodontolyse induziert. Die Hunde wurden in zwei Gruppen zu je 4 Hunden aufgeteilt. Bei der einen Gruppe wurden die Zähne während einer Periode von 3 Wochen cinmal täglich Gorgfältig gereinigt. Bei den Hunden der zweiten Gruppe wurden keine mundhygienischen Massnahmen durchgefürt. Dann wurden mesial und distal eines jeden Prämolaren Holzsonden mit 6 verschiedenen Druckstärken in die Taschen inseriert, Untersuchungen mit dem Mikroskop zeigten, dass bei der “gereinigten” Gruppe stets Epithel zwischen der Sondenspitzen und dem Bindegewebe vorhanden war. In der Gruppe ohne Mundhygiene wurde in 21 von 23 Fällen Epithel angetroffen. In beiden Gruppen wurde gefunden, dass die Sondenspitzen bei zuneh mendem Sondierdruck ihre Lage veränderten und zwar von okklusal der am weitesten koronal gelegenen Bindegewebsfasern bis zu ihrer apikalen Seite, Bei Anwendung von geringem Sondierungsdruck zeigte es sich, dass die Sondenspitzen bei der Gruppe ohne Mundhygiene tiefer zu liegen kamen. Bei stärkerem Sondierungsdruck wurden keine Unterschiede zwischen den Versuchsgruppen gefunden. Es wird vermutet, dass bei klinischen Messungen von Zahnfleischtaschen die optimale Sondierungskraft einer Sonde von 0,63 mm bei ungefähr 0,75 N Hegt, oder anders ausgedrückt beträgt der optimale Sondierungsdruck ungefähr 240 N/cm2〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméEvaluation microscopique des mensurations de la profondeiir des culs-de-sac pratiquées chez le chien en employant six forces de sondage différentesCette étude examine le relation existant entre la force de sondage et la pénétration de la sonde dans les tissus parodontaux an niveau de culs-de-sac avec gingivile manifeste et de culs-de-sac avec inflammation gingivale minime. Chez huit chiens briquets, une destruction expérimentale du parodonte a été provoquée pendant une période de 14 semaines. Les chiens ont alors été répartis en deux groupes de quatre chiens. Dans Tun des groupes, les chiens ont été soumis á un nettoyage minutieux des dents une fois par jour pendant une période de trois semaines. Les chiens de l'autre groupe n'ont reçu aucun soin d'hygiène buccale. Des sondes de bois ont ensuite été introduites du côté mesial et du côté distal de chaque prémolaire. Chez chacim des chiens, six forces de sondage différentes ont été employées. Un examen microscopique a montré que, dans le groupe dont les dents avaient été brossées, l'épithélium était toujours présent entre l'extrémité de la sonde et le tissue conjonctif. Dans le groupe dont les dents n'avaient pas été brossées, la présence d'épithélium a été trouvée dans 21 des 23 specimens. Dans les deux groupes, on a trouvé que, lorsque la force de sondage augmente, il se produit un changement dans la position de I'extrémité de la sonde: elle passe d'un niveau situé du côté occlusal des fibres de tissu conjonctif les plus coronaires, a un niveau situé du côté apical de ces fibres. Lorsqu'on utilisait de légères forces de sondage, on constatait que l'éxtrcmite de la sonde dans le groupe sans brossage des dents était située à un niveau plus apical. Lorsqu'on utilisait des forces de sondage plus élevées, on ne constatait pas de différence entre le groupe avec et le groupe sans brossages des dents. II semblerait que, lorsqu'on utilise une sonde de 0,63 mm de diamètre, le niveau optimum de force à utiliser pour les mensurations cliniques des culs-de-sac scrait d'environ 0,75 N, ou, en d'autres termes, la presslon de sondage optimum serait d'environ 240 N/cm2.

Notes: Abstract In four beagle dogs, periodontal tissue breakdown was experimentally induced around the upper left premolars (P1, P2 and P3). Wooden probes were inserted mesially and distally to each premolar. Six different probing forces were used in each dog. Microscopic examination showed:〈list style="custom"〉1) the presence of an intact layer of epithelium between the probe tip and the connective tissue in 21 of 23 specimens.2) an increasing compression of the connective tissue with increasing probing force, without penetration of the probe tip into the connective tissue.

Notes: abstract An epidemiologic survey was carried out to assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in randomly selected samples of employed populations in the Netherlands. Of the 1,337 persons examined by five examiners, 19.8 % were edentulous; 61 % of dentate persons had intense gingivitis in an average of 2.4 segments of their mouths; 53 % had pockets of 3–6 mm and a further 10.1 % had pockets of greater than 6 mm. The prevalence of gingivitis and pocketing increased with increasing age and decreasing levels of education. As no measures of predicting compliance were used and because treatment philosophies differ, no reasonable assessment of treatment needs could be made.

Notes: Summary A panel of monoclonal and heterologous antibodies directed against clearly defined antigens was used to characterize the cellular composition of 57 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, classified according to the Kiel classification, with a slight modification. The antisera were directed against T-lymphocytes and their subsets (Leu1, Leu2a, Leu3a, TA1), B-lymphocytes and their subsets (BA1, BA2, HLA-DR, CR1, sIg), macrophages (TA1, OKM1, anti-human monocyte 1, HLA-DR, CR1), dendritic reticulum cells (CR1, BA2, HLA-DR), interdigitating reticulum cells (HLA-DR, BA1) and Langerhans cells (OKT6, NA1/34). On the basis of the staining pattern of the neoplastic cells with the antibodies used and the nature and number of admixed cells, in particular T-cell subsets, dendritic reticulum cells and macrophages, the NHL could be divided into groups which correspond to the different diagnostic categories of the Kiel classification. Furthermore, the results underlined the existence of intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma as a separate diagnostic category. Histogenetically, the marker pattern of the neoplastic cells and the number and arrangement of the admixed cells are consistent with the view that at least two different lines of B-cell lymphomas can be recognized. One is related to the germinal centre cell reaction (to which B-lymphoblastic (Burkitt type), centroblastic, centroblastic/centrocytic, centrocytic, and intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma, and polymorphic immunocytoma belong) and the other is related to the plasma cell reaction (including chronic lymphocytic leucaemia and lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma), whereas B-immunoblastic lymphoma can originate from either line. Thus, polymorphic immunocytoma is a follicle centre cell lymphoma with differentiation into plasma cells rather than a lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma with blastic cells.

Notes: Summary Ten tumors of true histiocytic origin (Histiocytic Sarcoma) are presented. The tumor cells were identified as histiocytes by immunological, cytochemical and ultrastructural criteria (cytoplasmic lysozyme activity, presence of C3 and Feγ receptor, strong acid phosphatase and alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase activity, presence of lysosomes, absence of cell junctions and evidence of phagocytosis). The tumors identified in this way showed the following histological characteristics: diffuse proliferation of large tumor cells with ample cytoplasm, containing granular or occasionally diffuse diastase resistent PAS positive material, erythrophagocytosis, and haemosiderin pigment. The large or enormous nuclei were irregular, with occasional deep indentations, sharply defined nuclear membrane, coarse chromatin and conspicuous nucleoli. Despite the uniformity of these criteria differences in presence of alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-antichymotrypsin and 5 Nucleotidase activity and the number of lysosomes in the cytoplasm were found. The findings are suggestive of a spectrum of cytological changes in these Histiocytic Sarcomas. The clinical picture ranged from monolocalization in a lymphoid organ to that of a diffuse Malignant Histiocytosis. The relationship between good response to therapy and complete remission and the absence of alpha1-antitrypsin and a high number of lysosomes is discussed.

Notes: Summary Observations on predation by the diurnally active predator Notiophilus biguttatus F., show that locomotory activity of the prey favours capture. Of the two prey species studied, Orchesella cincta and Tomocerus minor, the former is by far the most active one during the day. Since the moulting rhythm causes only part of a group of O. cincta to be active, predation towards this species is selective: active specimens are “preferred”. Tomocerus minor is almost inactive during the day (but may be activated by disturbance from the predator), which inhibits such a selection. Orchesella cincta also shows, when attacked, a greater escape ability than T. minor. So, inactive O. cincta are captured less easily than T. minor. Thus, locomotory activity and escape ability both cause a variable preference of the predator. When a sufficiently high number of active O. cincta specimens is present, this species will be preferred; when the number of active O. cincta specimens is low, e.g. as a consequence of predation, T. minor might be preferred.