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The Hydrological Effects of Gravel Winning in an Area West of London, United Kingdom (1984)

Morgan-Jones, M. ; Bennett, S. ; Kinsella, J. V.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Ground water 22 (1984), S. 0

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ISSN: 1745-6584

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences

Notes: The ground-water flow and ground-water quality of extensive gravel deposits in the Lower Colne Valley, near London, England are described. The great demand for aggregates in southeast England over the past 30 years has resulted in extensive exploitation of these gravels, the worked-out pits being either left water-filled for recreational purposes, or filled with a variety of waste materials. Both after-uses are shown to alter the ground-water situation either by locally lowering or raising ground-water levels, such effects having been described in both French and German literature, or by causing ground-water and surface-water pollution problems. If the scale of pit development or landfilling is large as in the Lower Colne Valley, then remedial measures have to be undertaken to minimize the pollution risk and to obviate problems caused by raised or lowered ground-water levels.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1984.tb01484.x

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Strength-structure relationships in PAN-based carbon fibres (1983)

Bennett, S. C. ; Johnson, D. J. ; Johnson, W.

Springer

Journal of materials science 18 (1983), S. 3337-3347

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ISSN: 1573-4803

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: Abstract Type I PAN-based carbon fibres have been stressed to failure in glycerol; this enables the fracture ends to be preserved intact for subsequent examination, first by scanning electron microscopy, then, after embedding and sectioning, by transmission electron microscopy. Internal flaws which did not initiate failure was seen to have walls containing crystallites arranged mainly parallel to the fibre axis. Internal and surface flaws which did initiate failure showed evidence of large misoriented crystallites in the walls of the flaws. It is the presence of misoriented crystallites rather than the flaw itself which determines whether or not tensile failure will occur. Our observations are entirely consistent with the Reynolds-Sharp mechanism of tensile failure in which the concentration of shear energy in a misoriented crystallite is not relieved by cracks parallel to the layer planes but by cracks at right angles. It is possible to predict that, in the absence of gross flaws, breaking strains of 1 to 1.3% should be possible in Type I PANbased carbon fibres, and greater than 2% in Type II carbon fibres.