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  • 1980-1984  (37)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A theoretical basis has been established for evaluating the data obtained from pyrolysis with hydrogenation and gas chromatography of copolymers with long ethylene sequences. The ethylene-propylene copolymers investigated were either inactive or were labelled at the a-CH3-group in the propylene units with tritium. The mechanism of thermal decomposition studied previously at the homopolymers could be extended to the copolymers. Here, cleavages of C-C-bonds at tertiary carbon atoms are distinguished from the so-calleds-scissions within ethylene sequences. A C-C-bond in an α− or ß-position to a tertiary carbon cleaves about two times more readily than a C-C-bond in a linear —CH2-chain segment. Generally there is an overlapping of random cleavages with nonstatistical decomposition. Assuming primarily random scissions, the distributions of the normal alkanes and of the methylalkanes as well as their activity has been calculated. The experimental distributions for the fragments C11 and longer exhibit the same slope as calculated from the statistical theory. By variation of experimental conditions the same sequence distribution of ethylene was obtained. This theory was checked also with fragment distributions from copolymers of ethylene with propylene and a ternary component as well as of ethylene with α-olefines (e.g. 1-butene). By considering a particular decomposition, the sequence distribution in ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymers can also be evaluated from pyrograms with this method.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine theoretische Grundlage wurde aufgestellt zur Auswertung der Daten aus der Pyrolyse mit Hydrierung und Gaschromatographie von Copolymeren mit langen Äthylensequenzen. Die untersuchten Äthylen-Propylen Copolymeren waren entweder inaktiv oder an der α-CH3-Gruppe mit Tritium markiert. Die in den vorangegangenen Arbeiten an den Homopolymeren untersuchten thermischen Spaltungsmechanismen konnten auf die Copolymeren übertragen werden. Hier unterscheidet man die Spaltungen der Bindungen am tertiären C-Atom von den sogenanntens-Spaltungen innerhalb der Äthylensequenzen. Eine C-C-Bindung in einer α- oder ß-Position zu einem tertiären Kohlenstoff spaltet etwa doppelt so häufig wie eine solche in einem -CH2-Kettensegment. Im allgemeinen erfolgt eine Überlagerung von statistischem und nichtstatistischem Abbau. Unter der Annahme von primärer statistischer Spaltung wurden die Verteilungen der Normalalkane und Methylalkane sowie deren Aktivität berechnet. Die experimentellen Verteilungen für die Fragmente ab C11 ergeben denselben Abfall mit der Fragmentlänge wie aus der statistischen Theorie berechnet. Auch unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen ergeben sich so dieselben Sequenzlängenverteilungen des Äthylens. Diese Theorie wurde auch an Fragmentverteilungen von Copolymeren aus Äthylen mit Propylen und einer Terkomponenten sowie aus Äthylen mit α-Olefinen (z. B. mit 1-Buten) nachgeprüft. Berücksichtigt man einen speziellen Abbaumechanismus, so kann nach dieser Methode auch die Sequenzlängenverteilung in Äthylen-Vinylacetat-Copolymeren aus Pyrogrammen ermittelt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 10 (1983), S. 328-335 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Starting from EYRING's transition state theory it is demonstrated for systems obeying the superposition principle that the frequency shift factors of isotherm mastercurves of the viscoelastic functions as well as the temperature shift factors of the isochrone ones are unequivocally interrelated with the apparent activation energy of flow. The method for the evaluation of the activation energy from viscoelastic data is discussed, considering the moduli surfaces in the reciprocal temperature — frequency space. Experimental data prove the reliability of the approach. It is demonstrated that it is much more suitable to construct mastercurves as well as master surfaces in this way, because it is not necessary to apply measurements at low frequencies, which are unavoidable when the curves are constructed by empirical shift in the usual way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 533-541 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Configurative as well as conformational variations with respect to the polymer structure yield comparable effects in the chemical shift of 13C-NMR signals. With the example of the head- to head diad within the isomeric polypropylenes, it is demonstrated with the aid of corresponding low molecular weight model compounds that the conformational informations in the 13C-NMR spectrum can be used for the determination of the rotational isomers. For the meso- head- to head diad the temperature dependence of the methyl group coalescence signals can be interpreted with the aid of the slow exchange spectra of the low molecular model compounds. The consequences of the microconformations on the macroconformation of the macromolecules are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 543-550 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An approach is discussed to determine the temperature dependence of the populations of conformers within macromolecules from NMR chemical shift data under fast exchange conditions. It seems to be applicable for subunits which exhibit conformations with two energy levels with an energy difference of about 4 KJ minimum. In case of the meso diad in head- to head polypropylene and of its low molecular weight model compounds the applicability of the method has been verified experimentally. The agreement with findings from the slow exchange spectra of the models is good. The energy differences of the rotamers are discussed for the low molecular models and for the polymer as well as the rotational barriers determined from the coalescence temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 4 (1981), S. 383-390 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A semiempirical modification of FERRY's extension of the ROUSE spectrum in the entanglement region is proposed, with a smooth transition in the relaxation behaviour. Consequently the zero shear viscosity-molecular weight relationship is modelled. With the molecular weight between the entanglements as the only parameter measurements on cis- 1, 4-polybutadiene could be reproduced accurately, comparing favourably with the recent multiparameter theory by SHEN. A simple linear weighting scheme for the average friction coefficient of chemical and configurational copolymers, e. g. cis-trans-polybutadienes, is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 6 (1982), S. 617-621 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Blends of donor-macromolecules — poly(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-carb-azolyl)methacrylate — with acceptor-macromolecules — poly(methacryloyl-β-hydroxyethyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate) — exhibit unique dynamic mechanical properties over a broad range of frequency and temperature when compared with those of the components. The complexation between the unlike polymers determines the topology of the thermoreversible network. Plateau modulus is extended into the low frequency and high temperature region dramatically. Corresponding copolymers show up minor improvement of the properties only depending on the donor-acceptor ratio within the macromolecular chain. Thus, the efficacy of intermolecular thermoreversible crosslinking clearly is evidenced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 7 (1982), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Oscillatory normal stresses were measured in melts and concentrated solutions of cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB), and compared to the Rouse theory, including polydispersity and molecular weight dependence. Good agreement was obtained in all but one sample consisting of low molecular weight PB oil, where the first normal complex stress coefficient was abnormal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 6 (1982), S. 321-326 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Solution properties of trimethylcellulose-poly(oxytetramethylene two and star block copolymers with defined molecular weights are reported. The solubility behavior of the concerned block copolymers is mainly governed by the solubility of the trimethylcellulose blocks. The solubility parameters for TMC and POTM indicate that both polymers are incompatible with each other. This is confirmed by the appearance of phase separation in concentrated solutions of corresponding blends even in nonselective solvents. Intrinsic viscosities of the block copolymers are reported and compared to corresponding polymer blend solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 7 (1982), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The nonlinear, binary blending law of BOGUE has been generalized to include a finite number of entangled species. Good agreement has been observed between the ROUSE theory modified according to this law and linear viscoelastic experiments on cis-1,4-polybutadiene melts and concentrated solutions. The more difficult case of heterogeneity due to simultaneous degradation and crosslinking can only be qualitatively accounted for.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary From viscoelastic measurements on the melts of non-entangled atactic head-to-tail and of head-to-head — tail-to-tail polypropylenes over a broad region of temperatures and frequencies it is concluded that the head-to-tail macromolecules are the significantly less mobile ones. Equimolar blends of both components show up one-phase behaviour. A tendency towards beginning incompatibility may be concluded, however, from some characteristics of the blend: Additional transition in the glassy state, at 210. 3 K, increased fractional free volume and raised zero shear melt viscosity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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