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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Vitro Release of Endogenous Amino Acids from Granule Cell-, Stellate Cell-, and Climbing Fiber-Deficient Cerebella (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 37 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of glutamate, aspartate, -γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), alanine, taurine, and glycine was measured in slices of cerebella obtained from control, and granule cell-, granule cell plus stellate cell-, or climbing fiber-deficient cerebella of the rat. The 55 mm-K+-stimulated release of glutamate and GABA was 10-fold greater in the presence of Ca2+ than in its absence. The stimulated release of aspartate was 4-fold higher when Ca2+ was present in the bathing media, while the value for alanine was twice as high as the amount obtained in the absence of Ca2+. There was no stimulated release of either taurine or glycine from the cerebellar slices. Increasing the Mg2+ concentration to 16 HIM inhibited the K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of glutamate, GABA, aspartate, and alanine 85% or more. The K+-stimulated, Ca2+ dependent release of glutamate, aspartate, and alanine from x-irradiated cerebella deficient in granule cells was reduced to 50–57% of control value. Additional x-irradiation treatment, which further reduced the cerebellar granule cell population and also prevented the acquisition of stellate cells, decreased the release of glutamate by 77%, aspartate by 66%, alanine by 91%, and, in addition, decreased the release of GABA by 55%. The K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and alanine was not changed in climbing fiber-deficient cerebella obtained from 3-acetylpyridine-treated rats. The data support a transmitter role for GABA and glutamate in the cerebellum, but do not support a similar function for either taurine or glycine. The data also suggest that alanine and aspartate may be co-released along with glutamate from granule cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb06311.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional and Synaptosomal Levels of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters in the 3-Acetylpyridine Deafferentated Rat Cerebellum (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 34 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb09947.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations of Amino Acid Transmitter Systems in Spinal Cords of Chronic Paraplegic Dogs (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 42 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The high-affinity uptake of [3H]serotonin, [3H]glutamate, and [3H]-γ-aminobutyric acid (3H]GABA) and the Na+-independent binding of [3H]glutamate and [3H]GABA were studied using spinal cord preparations obtained from normal mongrel dogs and from dogs made paraplegic by midthoracic spinal cord crush. Lumbosa-cral regions of the spinal cord were removed either before (1 week) or after (3 to 8 weeks) onset of spasticity. A myelin-free synaptosomal fraction was obtained by cen-trifugation and used for studying high-affinity uptake and for preparing synaptic plasma membranes for Na+-inde-pendent binding experiments. For the paraplegic groups, the uptake of 30 nM [3H]serotonin was 66 and 18% of control values after 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. Eadie-Hofstee analysis of [3H]serotonin uptake showed a 90% reduction in Vmax for the paraplegic group relative to control values, thereby indicating the expected loss of descending serotonergic pathways. The high-affinity uptakes of 1 μM [3H]glutamate and [3H]GABA were the same in both the control and nonspastic paraplegic groups after 1 week. However, after 3 weeks, the uptakes of [3H]glutamate and [3H]GABA were 60-70% higher for the spastic group than for the control animals. For both amino acids, Eadie-Hofstee plots revealed no difference in Km and higher Vmax for the spastic group relative to control values. After 1 and 3 weeks, the Na+ -independent binding of 5 nM [3H]glutamate was 40-85% higher and the binding of 10 nM [3H]GABA was 40-60% lower for the paraplegic groups relative to the values for the control animals. Scatchard analysis revealed significant changes in Bmax values for both amino acids. Overall, the data indicate an increase in segmental amino acid excitatory influence which occurred when signs of spasticity were evident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb12752.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disposition of betamethasone in parturient women after intravenous administration (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 803-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: betamethasone ; pharmacokinetics in pregnancy ; cortisol ; plasma binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of betamethasone and its phosphate ester are described in nine women in late pregnancy who each received a bolus intravenous dose of 10.6 mg betamethasone phosphate. Both compounds were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection using sample handling methods which prevent in vitro hydrolysis of the ester. The plasma clearance of betamethasone phosphate (mean=980 ml/min) and its apparent distribution volume (mean=5.61) were both higher than previously found for nonpregnant subjects, but its half-life (mean=4.6 min) was unchanged. Plasma concentrations of betamethasone reached a peak 5–37 min after dosing with betamethasone phosphate, then declined biexponentially with a mean terminal half-life of 262 min. Plasma clearance in pregnant patients (mean=287 ml/min) was higher than previously reported for nonpregnant subjects. Evidence from urinary excretion and plasma binding measurements and the previously reported transplacental plasma concentration gradient indicated that the increase in clearance was due to increased metabolism possibly by the placental/fetal unit. Plasma binding of betamethasone was higher in maternal than fetal plasma; binding to α1-acid glycoprotein was more important than binding to albumin as a determinant of this difference. In pregnant patients the decline of endogenous cortisol concentrations in maternal venous plasma was less marked and slower than in nonpregnant subjects. The data now available allows comparison of pharmacokinetic properties between betamethasone and its stereoisomer dexamethasone with respect to their use in preventing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542524
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diazepam plasma binding in the perinatal period: Influence of nonesterified fatty acids (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diazepam ; perinatal period ; plasma NEFA concentration ; regression analyses ; alpha-1-acid glycoprotein concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma binding of diazepam was determined serially in 24 women undergoing either elective induction of labour (vaginal or emergency caesarean delivery) or elective caesarean section at term and in 5 nonpregnant women requiring abdominal surgery. In the majority of pregnant patients, a marked increase in diazepam percentage free was observed during labour or prior to caesarean section, reaching a maximum, 1.6 to 3.2 fold increase at delivery or within 4 h postpartum; by the fifth day postpartum, diazepam percentage free was lower than on admission to hospital. In contrast, little change in diazepam percentage free was observed during the perisurgical period in nonpregnant patients. In parturient and surgical patients, the time courses of diazepam percentage free and plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration were parallel. Bivariate regression analyses of pooled data demonstrated a strong correlation (r=0.642, p=〈0.01) between diazepam percentage free and corresponding NEFA concentration and a weaker correlation between diazepam percentage free and both albumin (r=−0.319, p〈0.02) or total protein (r=−0.438, p〈0.01). From multiple linear regression it was demonstrated that 54% of the variability in diazepam percentage free could be attributed to plasma NEFA and albumin concentrations. NEFA displacement of plasma bound diazepam was substantiated using crystalline human serum albumin. An approximate 65% increase in plasma α1acid glycoprotein levels was observed posttrauma in both parturient and surgical patients but was unrelated to diazepam binding events. A relationship between diazepam plasma binding changes and concurrently altered disposition of diazepam during parturition is postulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542461
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The placental transfer of betamethasone (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 245-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: betamethasone ; pregnancy ; placental transfer ; plasma concentrations ; HPLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations of beta-methasone in a maternal peripheral vein (mv) and in the umbilical vein (uv) were measured at delivery in eleven patients after the administration of beta-methasone phosphate equivalent to 8 mg betamethasone. Betamethasone concentrations were measured in plasma using a specific and sensitive HPLC assay. The time interval between the last dose and delivery ranged from 56 min to 800 min and over this time period the mean plasma concentration ratioCuv/Cmv was 0.28±0.04 (SD) and exhibited no time dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563006
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of betamethasone in healthy adults after intravenous administration (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 643-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: betamethasone ; pharmacokinetics ; cortisol ; high-performance liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of betamethasone and its phosphate ester are described in 8 healthy adults after i. v. bolus injection of 10.6 mg betamethasone phosphate. Both compounds were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection using sample handling methods which prevented hydrolysis of the ester in vitro. Betamethasone phosphate disappeared rapidly from plasma (mean half-life=4.7 min) as betamethasone levels rose. Betamethasone plasma levels reached a peak 10–36 min after administration of the phosphate before declining in a biexponential manner. The terminal slow disposition phase had a mean half-life of 6.5 h. Only about 5% of the dose was recovered from urine as betamethasone, indicating extensive extrarenal clearance of betamethasone. Protein binding and blood/plasma concentration ratio were also determined. In comparison with its stereoisomer, dexamethasone, betamethasone is also cleared mainly by metabolism but has a lower plasma clearance, is less plasma bound, has a higher blood/plasma concentration ratio, and a higher volume of distribution. Endogenous cortisol levels were measured in the subjects who received betamethasone phosphate and in a matched control group of 4 subjects who did not. Betamethasone abolished the normal episodic secretion of cortisol and rapidly reduced its plasma concentration to a basal level. Cortisol plasma levels were not restored at 24 h but had returned to normal by 48 h after dosing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542353
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terminal rearrangement of chromosomes 21 detected in amniotic fluid, resulting in a trisomy 21 (1983)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 64 (1983), S. 203-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327129
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of several amino acids in the cerebellar peduncles and four medullary nuclei of control and 3-acetylpyridine-treated rats (1980)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 5 (1980), S. 337-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of aspartate, glutamate, GABA, taurine, glycine, and alanine were determined in the inferior (ICP), middle (MCP) and superior (SCP) cerebellar peduncles, and in the inferior olive (ION), lateral reticular (LRN), lateral vestibular (LVN) and descending trigeminal (DTN) nuclei of control rats and of rats given a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg of 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP). The content of glutamate in the MCP and SCP was 30% higher than that found for the ICP. The content of GABA was 4 to 6-fold greater in the SCP than in either the ICP or MCP. The level of taurine in the SCP was 25% lower than the value in the MCP but was not significantly lower than the value for the ICP. The levels of aspartate, glycine, and alanine were evenly distributed among the three peduncles. The contents of aspartate, glutamate, taurine, and alanine were evenly distributed among the four medullary nuclei. The level of glycine was significantly greater in the DTN than in either the LRN or LVN. The content of GABA in the ION and LVN was significantly greater than the value found for the LRN. Injection of 3-AP caused a decrease in the level of taurine of 10% in the ION and LRN, 15% in the LVN, and 25% in the DTN. No other statistically significant differences were found in the levels of the amino acids in the peduncles or medullary nuclei following 3-AP treatment. The present data do not support the idea that asparate and/or taurine are present in relatively high concentrations in the cerebellar climbing fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964621
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro release of endogenous monoamines and amino acids from several CNS regions of the rat (1983)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 8 (1983), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro release of endogenous norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), GABA, glutamate (GLU), aspartate (ASP), glycine (GLY), taurine (TAU) and alanine (ALA) from superfused slices of cerebral cortex (CTX), striatum (STR), hippocampus (HIP), hypothalamus (HYPO), midbrain (MB), thalamus (THAL), nucleus accumbens (ACC), pons-medulla (PM) and spinal cord (SC) was studied. Under resting conditions or with 60 mM K+ in the absence of Ca2+, there was little or no release of NE, DA, 5-HT, GABA, GLU or ASP from any region. In most regions, there was a measurable resting release of ALA, GLY and TAU; of these three amino acids, only GLY in the PM and SC showed an increased release in the 60 mM K+ plus 2.5 mM Ca2+ medium. In 8 of the regions studied, the release of both GABA and GLU were stimulated by 60 mM K+ in the presence of 2.5 mM Ca2+. For the amino acids, no reliable data were obtained for release from the ACC because of its small size. The highest amount of K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of GABA was found with slices from the HYPO, THAL and MB while the highest amount of GLU was released from slices of STR, HIP and CTX. In those regions where reliable levels of K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of ASP were observed (STR, CTX, THAL), the amount of ASP was at least 5-fold lower than the values for GLU. A K+-stimulated, Ca2+-dependent release of NE, DA and 5-HT was observed for all 9 CNS regions studied. The highest release of (a) DA occurred from slices of CTX, STR and ACC; (b) NE was found in the HYPO and ACC; and (c) 5-HT occurred in the HYPO. The data (a) do not support a transmitter role for ALA and TAU in the CNS; (b) support a major transmitter function for GLY only in the PM and SC; and (c) support a transmitter role for GABA, GLU, NE, DA and 5-HT in the CNS regions examined (with the exception of GABA and GLU in the ACC where no data were obtained).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00963924
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