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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone ; Vincristine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Syndrome der ungenügenden Sekretion des antidiuretischen Hormones ist eine zwar bereits beschriebene, aber seltene Nebenwirkung einer Vincristine-Therapie. Es wird der erste neuropathologisch untersuchte Fall vorgestellt. Bei einem sechs Monate alten Knaben mit einer Leukämie der Haut trat nach Vincristine-Therapie eine Störung der Sekretion des antidiuretischen Hormons auf. Die histologische Untersuchung ergab spheroide Veränderungen der Axone im Bereiche der Ansa lenticularis und im Bereiche der Substantia innominata, der Amygdala und des Nucleus supraopticus. Die Veränderungen beschränkten sich auf die erwähnten Bezirke, während die neurosekretorischen Neurone unauffällig erschienen mit gut erhaltenem Neurophysin. Die neuropathologischen Befunde legen die Annahme nahe, daß die erwähnten Fasern eine Rolle bei der Entstehung der Störung der Sekretion des antidiuretischen Hormons bei Vincristine-Therapie spielen.
    Notes: Summary The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is a rare but well-recognized neurotoxic side effect of vincristine therapy. The first neuropathological report of a case is presented. A 6-month-old boy with skin leukemia developed inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone caused by vincristine. Postmortem examination revealed axonal spheroids in the ansa lenticularis and the area surrounded by the substantia innominata, amygdala and supraoptic nucleus. The lesion was confined to that area and the neurosecretory neurons were intact with well preserved neurophysin. The pathological findings suggest that these fibers play a role in the development of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone caused by vincristine therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55m ; 52.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A rapid-frequency-scan dye laser was developed for the measurement of the velocity-distribution functions of impurity atoms sputtered due to the high-temperature plasma-surface interaction. In order to confirm the effectiveness of this rapid-scan technique, measurements of the Doppler profiles of Fe atoms sputtered by Ar ion-beam bombardment with energy 3 keV were performed. A scanning range of more than 40 pm at λ ≈300 nm was obtained with a spectral bandwidth of 1.5 ∼2 pm and good linearity. Doppler profiles were determined in various scattering conditions, and excellent performance of this technique was demonstrated. The distortion error caused by line saturation was analytically discussed, and it is shown that the effect of this error is not so serious (less than 10%) even for highly saturated excitation.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 81 (1983), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals mainly with the conidium ontogenesis and phylogenesis of black yeasts such as E. jeanselmei, E. gougerotii, E. dermatitidis and E. spinifera. The conidium ontogenesis of E.jeanselmei, E. gougerotii and E. dermatitidis was almost the same. One to five annellated tips were observed through a scanning microscope at the apices of conidiogenous cells, which were bottle- or jar-shaped. Annellations on the tips looked like fringes and the conidiogenous cells of these three species were annellides. Annellated projections occurred on hyphae and annelloconidia were also produced from them. Occasionally, secondary annellides occurred from primary ones. They looked like moniliform hyphae. Daughter conidia sometimes budded directly from mother cells. The shapes and sizes of the conidia of these species were very similar to each other. The conidium ontogenesis of E. spinifera was annellidic as well. However, a single annellated tip usually occurred on an annellide. The annellated tips of the fungus were long and more than 20 annellations were observed on their walls. The conidiogenesis of the four species of Exophiala is only annellidic. There were no differences in the biological examinations except KNO3 assimilation among these four species. The growth of E. jeanselmei and E. gougerotii was poor at 37 °C. The GC contents of E. jeanselmei 1171, E. gougerotii B-1800, E. dermatitidis MM-7 and E. spinifera DU-3342 were 54.6, 54.6, 56.6 and 59.7%, respectively.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: regional ischemia ; canine heart ; mitochondrial function ; regional myocardial blood flow ; hydrogen gas clearance method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and the degree plus duration of restricted coronary blood flow. 135 anesthetized and open-chest dogs were divided into 3 groups according to coronary occlusion time: 10, 20, and 60 min. Regional myocardial blood flow (MBF) was determined in both ischemic and nonischemic areas before and during coronary occlusion using the hydrogen gas clearance method. Myocardial mitochondria were prepared from each area in which MBF was determined after 10, 20, or 60 min of coronary ligation, and their respiratory control index (RCI), ADP/O, and rate of oxygen consumption in state III O2 (St. III O2) were measured. The MBF measured in 135 dogs before coronary ligation was 103±25 ml/min/100 g (mean±SD) for the area to be rendered ischemic and 101±24 ml/min/100 g for the control area. The MBF in the ischemic area did not cease completely following coronary ligation, and the distribution of MBF showed variations which seemed atributable to individual differences. In the 10-min group, no index of mitochondrial function of the ischemic area differed from that of the nonischemic area at any level of MBF. When MBF was less than 20 ml/min/100 g, RCI of mitochondria from the ischemic area was significantly lower than that from the nonischemic area, in the 20- and 60-min groups. When MBF was less than 20 ml/min/100 g, St. III O2 of mitochondria from the ischemic area significantly decreased compared with that from the nonischemic area, in the 20-min group. In the 60-min group, MBF less than 30 ml/min/100 g, St. III O2 of mitochondria from the ischemic area was likewise significantly decreased. Moreover, with MBF below 20 ml/min/100 g, both RCI and St. III O2 of mitochondria from the ischemic area were significantly lower in the 60-min group than in the 20-min group. These results indicate that ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction depends on the degree of decrease in the blood flow of the area involved as well as on the duration of ischemia, and the blood flow that is critical for survival, based on mitochondrial function, is approximately 20 ml/min/100 g, i.e., a reduction to 20% of normal value.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 77 (1982), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Black yeast (MM-7) isolated from a humidifier was studied morphologically, biologically and serologically. Furthermore, its pathogenicity was compared with that of four human isolates of Exophiala dermatitidis. The MM-7 is dimorphic and its growth at 37 °C was better than that at 27 °C. Giant colonies of the MM-7 were very similar to those of the four human isolates. Microscopically, hyphae were pale brown, slender or toruloid. Cylindrical, bottle- or flaskshaped conidiogenous cells arose from the tips and sides of the hyphae. Conidiogenous foci were also seen as small projections at the lateral walls of hyphae. One to four projections were seen at the conidiogenous apices by scanning electron microscopy. Annellation could be observed clearly on them. It was also seen in all of the human isolates of E. dermatitidis used for reference. Conidia were globose to subglobose, one celled, smooth, hyaline to brown. The MM-7 utilized all carbon compounds examined except lactose, melibiose and raffinose. It split arbutin, but did not hydrolyze starch. It utilized neither potassium nitrate, nor hydrolyzed skim milk and gelatin. The GC content of the MM-7 (56.6%) was almost the same as that of Kano's isolate (58%) and titers of agglutinin of the anti-E. dermatitidis serum to the MM-7 and four isolates of the fungus were 512-fold. From these morphological, biological and serological examinations the MM-7 was identified as E. dermatitidis (Kano) de Hoog. As far as pathogenicity is concerned, the MM-7 showed the strongest pathogenicity of all. Two of the ten mice inoculated intravenously with 5×106 cells of the MM-7 died on the 6th and 7th day, and the fungus was recovered from various organs. Histopathologically, the brains were affected severely. A large number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes accumulated around short hyphae and yeast cells to form micro-abscesses. Some micro-granulomatous lesions with a few yeast cells were also observed. Seven of the surviving eight mice showed nervous symptoms. The MM-7 was recovered from the brains of the four mice sacrificed on the 30th day. Some granulomatous lesions with a few yeast cells were recognized in the tissues.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 76 (1981), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The chief histopathological features found in patients with cryptococcosis are both a cystic (gelatinous) lesion and a granulomatous reaction. These two tissue reactions are definitely different from each other, because a cyst is not accompanied with a significant cellular response, while a granuloma is formed as a result of various cell reactions. Therefore, it is very interesting that these two types of lesion can be observed in the same patient or in the same animal infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. From our previous paper (II) the authors reach such a thought that two steps may be required for the granuloma formation against C. neoformans infection: first, of phagocytosis by sessile macrophages of C. neoformans and second is related to T-cell function. This experiment was done to verify that the granulomatous response against C. neoformans infection might occur easily in the organs rich in sessile macrophages as compared with those poor in them and a polysaccharide capsule surrounding cryptococci may have effects to inhibit a migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes or monocytes toward C. neoformans. C. neoformans strain RIB 12 (serological type A, mating type α) was used in this experiment. After a culture of a brain heart infusion glucose agar slant at 37 C for 3 days, yeast cells of the strain were harvested, and suspended in 1/15 M(pH7.4) sterile phosphate buffered saline solution. Infective inoculum was prepared by adjusting the number of the yeast cells to 105, 106 or 5×106/0.2 ml in a hemacytometer. Fourty-two male mice strain ddY were divided into 3 groups consisting of 14 each and one group was allotted to one of the cell suspensions. Each mouse was inoculated with 0.2 ml of the cell suspension into a tail vein and one mouse from each group was sacrificed at adequate intervals. At necropsies the brain, thymus, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, mesenteric lymph nodes, a part of the small intestine, testes and fat tissue were removed. From these organs histopathological sections, stained with HE or by PAS, were prepared. To investigate effects of a polysaccharide capsule to a migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes or monocytes, double infections with C. neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus, and an observation by the ‘Agar-Implantation method’ were done. As results, granulomata were formed easily in the organs rich in macrophages or lymphocytes such as the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, lungs, small intestine and fat tissue. On the contrary, in organs poor in the macrophages such as the brain, heart, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands and testes, the chief histopathological feature was a cyst formation containing numerous yeast cells. In the double infection, two types of lesions such as cysts and abscesses were observed in the sections of the brain. The former occurred against C. neoformans infection and the latter, against A. fumigatus infection. Even though a cyst was very close to an abscess, polymorphonuclear leucocytes or monocytes were never induced to C. neoformans. In the observation using the ‘Agar-Implantation method’, a severe cellular infiltration occurred to a perfect (teleomorphic) state of C. neoformans and very weak response, to yeast cells with a polysaccharide capsule. The difference may be due to the existence of the capsule, because a perfect state of C. neoformans is not surrounded by it.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 88 (1984), S. 161-163 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study of the type culture of Trichosporium heteromorphum by scanning electron microscopy has confirmed de Hoog's description that the mode of conidium ontogeny in this culture is annellidic. Neither phialides with collarettes nor sympodial conidiogenous cells were found. Thus, T. heteromorphum should be placed in the genus Exophiala. The taxonomic position of this fungus and its relationship to Exophiala jeanselmei and E. dermatitidis has been briefly discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 76 (1981), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Defense mechanisms of a host against Fonsecaea pedrosoi infection were studied histopathologically using athymic nude (nu/nu) mice of BALB/c background and their heterozygous (nu/+) littermates. Thirty male nu/nu and 30 nu/+ mice, weighing 16–19 g, were employed in this experiment. The nu/nu or nu/+ mice were divided into 3 groups consisting of 10 each. Furthermore, 4 nu/nu mice were supplemented to investigate effects of lymph node cell transfer. Subglobose cells of F. pedrosoi Tsuchiya strain were obtained from a culture in brain heart infusion glucose (1%) broth with reciprocal shaking at 37 °C for 17 days, and then 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5% cells suspensions were prepared. Each cell suspension was allotted to one group of the nu/nu or nu/+ mice. 0.1 ml of the cell suspension was inoculated into a tail vein, then one mouse from each group was sacrificed 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 21 and 25 days after inoculation. In both the nu/nu and nu/+ mice, the brain, kidneys and heart were affected severely with the strain in that order. Histopathologically, the defense mechanisms of the nu/+ mice against the fungus infection consisted chiefly of 2 steps: first, of non-immune phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs), and second, of granuloma formation induced by cell-mediated immunity. Those of the nu/nu mice consisted only of one step: phagocytosis by PMNs. A difference in susceptibility to the strain between the nu/nu and nu/+ mice changed according to the amount of the fungal cells inoculated. When inoculated with the 0.02% cell suspension, the resistance of the nu/nu mice was stronger than that of the nu/+ mice. In contrast, when inoculated with the 0.5% cell suspension, the former was affected more severely than the latter. There were little differences in the susceptibility to the strain between the nu/nu and nu/+ mice inoculated with the 0.1% cell suspension. These data seem to indicate that the phagocytic function of PMNs of the nu/nu mice was more active than that of the nu/+ mice, and the nu/nu mice inoculated with the 0.5% cells suspension (beyond the phagocytic capacity) lost resistance against the fungus infection. When the nu/nu mice were transferred with lymph node cells before inoculation of the strain, granulomata were formed to prevent hyphae from growing freely in the tissue.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 81 (1983), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Defense mechanisms of mice against Exophiala dermatitidis MM-7 were studied using congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice and their heterozygous (nu/+) littermates of BALB/ c background. Each mouse was inoculated intravenously with 106 yeast cells of the fungus and sacrificed at adequate intervals by the 62nd day. Viable cells were counted from the brains, kidneys and livers of the nu/+ and nu/nu mice. Furthermore, various internal organs were examined histopathologically. The most favourite target organ of the MM-7 was the brain in both the nu/+ and nu/nu mice, followed by the kidney and liver, in that order. The susceptibility of the nu/nu mice to the MM-7 was higher than that of the nu/+ mice. Colony forming unit of 100 mg of the brain of the nu/+ mice reached a peak on the 4th day, thereafter decreased gradually and from day 40 on viable cells were never recovered. In the nu/nu mice it reached 1.1 × 104 on the 4th day. Even though the number of colony forming unit fluctuated somewhat, it was maintained until the 25th day and thereafter increased again gradually. Chief histopathological features at an early stage of the infection were both micro-abscess and micro-granuloma. These micro-granulomata were not only formed in the nu/nu mice, but also in the nu/+ mice within 2 days. From day 8 on, even in the nu/nu mice, almost all of the lesions became granulomatous. Even though the micro-granulomata in the brain of the nu/+ mice disappeared from day 40 on, considerable numbers of the lesions were observed in the nu/nu mice until the end of the experiment. It seems that the functions of T-lymphocytes are necessary for the killing of the MM-7 in the brain of mouse. The granuloma formed in the nu/nu mice was morphologically indistinguishable from that formed in the nu/+ mice. However, mononuclear cells forming the granuloma in the brain of the nu/nu mice did not kill the yeast cells which they engulfed, but suppressed multiplication of the yeast cells. Acid mucopolysaccharide was stained around these yeast cells with alcian blue. The polysaccharide might play a role as a buffered zone between the yeast cells and mononuclear cells.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 80 (1982), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The defensive role of granuloma againstSporothrix schenckii infection was studied histopathologically using nude(nu/ nu) and their heterozygous(nu/+) littermates. Three strains ofS. schenckii (Sp.-1, Sp-17 and Sp-56) were used in this experiment. Each mouse was inoculated into a tail vein with 106 yeast cells of the Sp-1, Sp-17 or Sp-56. The mice were sacrificed at adequate intervals until the 30th day and histopathological sections were prepared from various organs. The numbers of lesions and yeast cells were counted using the liver sections. Furthermore, an experiment of lymph node cell transfer and immunological examinations were carried out. As results the susceptibility of mice to three strains were conspicuously different from each other. The Sp-1 showed the strongest pathogenicity and the Sp-56, the weakest. The susceptibility of the nu/ nu mice inoculated with the Sp-1 was much higher than that of the nu/+ mice and the difference was due to the killing functions of granuloma. Even though about two days' delay was observed in the granuloma formation in the nu/ nu mice in comparison with that in the nu/+ mice, these granulomata could not be distinguished from those of the nu/+ mice. However, functionally there was a definite difference between the granulomata formed in the nu/+ and nu/nu mice. Mononuclear cells forming the granulomata in the nu/ nu mice did not have the ability to kill the yeast cells they had engulfed. Cooperation with T-lymphocytes was necessary for the killing of the yeast cells. A significant response of MIF developed in the immunocompetent mice 11 days after inoculation of the Sp-56, and that day nearly coincided with the day when yeast cells of the Sp-1 began to be destroyed in the granulomata. It was also confirmed by the experiment of lymph node cell transfer that T-cell functions were indispensable for the killing of the yeast cells by mononuclear cells. From these results the authors hypothesize that the mononuclear cells activated with T-lymphocytes could play a leading role as the defense mechanism of mice againstS. schenckii infection.
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