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  • 1980-1984  (11)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Virulent and Avirulent Strains of Babesia bovis: The Relationship Between Parasite Protease Content and Pathophysiological Effect of the Strain (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 28 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A virulent strain of Babesia bovis (“L” strain) was rendered avirulent by irradiation with 35 krads with a γ source. Another virulent strain of B. bovis (“C” strain) was made avirulent by rapid blood passage through 12 splenectomised calves. Both the parent virulent and their respective avirulent strains were injected into susceptible cattle. A nonfatal disease was observed in those intact cattle that had avirulent parasites; however, a fatal disease was produced in those animals that had received virulent parasites and in splenectomised calves that had received avirulent parasites. Blood kinin levels rose and plasma kininogen levels fell significantly in those animals infected with both virulent strains. Nonsignificant changes occurred with these parameters in animals infected with avirulent parasites. Preparations of disrupted parasites were obtained from the four parasite populations. Both virulent strains contained high levels of protease. The avirulent forms contained insignificant amounts. As parasite doubling times and maximum parasitaemias were the same for all four parasite populations, we conclude that these enzymes are not obligatory for parasite multiplication in the vertebrate host. Their role in producing pathological changes in the host is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1981.tb02815.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Babesial antigens in a saline eluate of sucrose washed bovine erythrocytes infected withBabesia bovis (1983)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 39 (1983), S. 1392-1393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A saline eluate from sucrose washed bovine erythrocytes infected withBabesia bovis contains at least 4 babesial antigens. The antigens are located not only in the parasite but also in the internal matrix of the infected erythrocyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990121
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The characterisation of an esterase derived fromBabesia bovis and its use as a vaccine (1983)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 69 (1983), S. 703-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An esterase was isolated from a crude extract ofBabesia bovis by affinity chromatography, using soy bean trypsin inhibitor as a ligand. In native form this enzyme had a molecular weight greater than 200000, but on denaturing gels major bands were observed with molecular weights of 20000, 10000 and 7000. Western transfer analysis revealed a major band with a molecular weight of 19000–20000. Both bovine and rabbit antisera avidly stained infected red cells, using indirect immunofluorescence. Weak parasite staining was also observed using this test. Two groups of five animals were vaccinated twice 4 weeks apart with esterase derived from 5×109 parasites as water-in-oil emulsions with Freund's complete adjuvant. Two control groups, each of five animals were also included. One group of vaccinates and a control group were challenged with virulent homologousB. bovis, whilst the other vacinated and the remaining control group were challenged with virulent heterologous organisms. In the homologous groups two controls but no vaccinates died, whereas in the heterologous groups four animals in each group died. Significant differences in parasitaemia, temperature rise and total haemolytic complement were observed in the homologous vaccinated group compared to their controls but no differences were observed between heterologous groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927420
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lysate from bovine erythrocytes infected withBabesia bovis (1983)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 69 (1983), S. 473-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group ofBabesia bovis antigens obtained by a lengthy biochemical procedure involving disruption of infected erythrocytes has previously been shown to be highly protective. This study shows that these antigens can be found in a simple lysate of infected erythrocytes. The antigens have been characterized by gel filtration and nitrocellulose transfer and consist of a wide spectrum of molecular sizes. Some of the antigens exist in complex form and are easily dissociated. The lysate was polymerized with glutaraldehyde and injected per se into four splenectomized calves. All the calves produced antibody toB. bovis but did not produce erythrocytic isoantibodies. The vaccinated calves and a control group of four splenectomized calves were challenged with virulentB. bovis. Statistically, the vaccinated group differed significantly in parasitaemia, temperature change and pathophysiological parameters from the control group. All of the control group died whereas two of the vaccinated group survived infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927703
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the haemolytic activity of serum complement during acuteBabesia bovis infection in cattle (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 62 (1980), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Babesia bovis ; Complement ; Immunity ; Cattle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The haemolytic activity of serum complement was measured in cattle during acuteBabesia bovis infection. The level fell significantly on day 5 post infection (p.i.) and was not detectable by day 10 p.i. After clinical recovery between days 15 and 20 p.i. haemolytic activity was again detected in serum and gradually returned to the pre-infection level. The components of both classical and alternative pathways were involved in complement depletion and factors such as protease secretion by the parasites, antigenantibody reactions, and the release of haemoglobin were implicated as causes of the decline. The absence of complement activity during the acute phase of the disease may interfere with immune mechanisms at a critical time for the host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925365
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of pathophysiological reactions to assess the efficacy of the immune response toBabesia bovis in cattle (1981)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 66 (1981), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group of five splenectomised calves was immunised with a soluble extract prepared from erythrocytes infected withBabesia bovis and then challenged by the intravenous inoculation of virulentB. bovis along with appropriate control animals. All controls died but four of the five immunised animals survived. All survivors showed significantly lower activation of the coagulation and kinin systems and did not develop the hypotensive shock syndrome characteristic of acuteB. bovis infection. It was concluded that the concentrations of fibrinogen, kininogen, and bradykinin, and the production of soluble fibrin, cryofibrinogen, and high molecular weight fibrinogen complexes were useful criteria on which to assess the efficacy of the immune response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941944
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Babesia bovis: Vaccination of cattle against heterologous challenge with fractions of lysate from infected erythrocytes (1984)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 70 (1984), S. 321-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distilled water lysate of erythrocytes infected withBabesia bovis was separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G200. The void volume fraction or a pool of retained fractions which had immunodiffusion activity were injected into two groups of five cattle. These were challenged 2 weeks after the final vaccination with a heterologous strain ofB. bovis. A control group of five cattle was similarly challenged. Two of the five control animals died from the challenge, whereas none of the vaccinated animals died. There were significant differences in parasitaemia and pathophysiological parameters between the vaccinated groups and the control group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927818
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The irradiation ofBabesia bovis (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 47-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Babesia ; Irradiation ; Virulence ; Pathogenicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Babesia bovis parasites attenuated by 35 krads γ irradiation and parasites not exposed to irradiation, were injected into intact 2-year-old Hereford steers. All five animals receiving non-irradiated blood died but the five animals which received irradiated blood were only mildly affected. Highly significant differences were observed in changes to plasma fibrinogen, serum fibrinogen-like proteins, packed cell volume, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, blood kinins, and plasma kininogen levels in the control animals but non-significant changes in these parameters occurred in the group receiving irradiated blood. Significant changes in the antiplasmin, α2M, and the antithrombin levels occurred in control cattle but not in the group receiving irradiated blood. Parasite multiplication rates and maximum parasitaemias were similar in both groups. Irradiation reduced the dose of living parasites from 1×108 to 2.5×103, but this was not the reason for the mild reactions. It was concluded that irradiation had selected an avirulent parasite population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927725
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum carboxypeptidase B levels during acute and mildBabesia bovis and acuteBabesia bigemina infections of cattle (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serum carboxypeptidase B (SCPB) levels were measured in splenectomised calves and in non-splenectomised cattle infected with three virulent and one avirulent strains ofBabesia bovis, and in splenectomised calves infected with virulentBabesia bigemina parasites. SCPB levels commenced falling three days post-infection in animals infected with virulentB. bovis strains and fell significantly terminally. In animals infected with the avirulentB. bovis strain, the SCPB levels were not significantly altered. Animals infected withB. bigemina had no significant changes in their SCPB levels. Fatal infections were uniformly observed in animals with virulentB. bovis, but only two of six animals infected withB. bigemina and none infected with avirulentB. bovis, died.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927535
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AcuteBabesia bovis infections: Plasma creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine levels and associated muscle damage (1981)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 64 (1981), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two groups of five two-year-old Hereford steers were infected with two virulent strains ofB. bovis. The plasma concentrations of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine rose early in infection and showed highly significant increases terminally. Extensive skeletal muscle degeneration was observed terminally as was degeneration of myocardium, although this was much less extensive. Terminal clinical signs included posterior muscle wasting, weakness, and recumbency. It was concluded that the extensive changes to muscle and to CK and LDH were caused by anoxia due primarily to shock and stasis of the circulation induced by the parasites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927377
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