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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion beam sputtered spin-valve films with improved giant magnetoresistance response (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4454-4456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A large value of giant magnetoresistance ΔR/R=9% with an exchange field Hex=350 Oe has been measured from simple NiFe/CoFe/Cu/CoFe/IrMn top spin-valve films prepared by ion beam deposition (IBD) techniques. The exchange biasing was greatly enhanced when a synthetic pinned layer, CoFe/Ru/CoFe, is used in the spin-valve structures. Apparent exchange field values in excess of 2000 Oe and ΔR/R values above 8% have been obtained in synthetic spin-valve films. These IBD spin-valve films show excellent thermal stability and they are suitable for the applications in high density magnetic recording heads. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370372
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of ion beam and magnetron sputtered thin Ta/NiFe films (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5780-5782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin Ta/NiFe films were deposited using ion beam deposition (IBD), pulsed, and static magnetron sputtering techniques. These NiFe films show anisotropy field values ∼4 Oe, easy axis coercivities ≤1 Oe, and hard axis coercivities ≤0.3 Oe. IBD films exhibit higher magnetoresistance ratios (ΔR/R), while little difference is noted between different deposition techniques in the sheet resistance of NiFe films. A ΔR/R value of 1.8% has been measured for a 90 Å IBD NiFe films. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that NiFe films of the same thickness have about the same grain size regardless of deposition technique, however, IBD films exhibit superior (111) texture and crystallinity. Our results clearly indicate that the superior magnetic properties of thin IBD Ta/NiFe films are a result of high crystallographic quality of these films. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370124
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of crop husbandry and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate leaching from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable crop rotation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrogen (N) leaching losses from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable croprotation (oilseed rape, wheat, peas, wheat, barley) were measured from 1990 until 1995 using porous ceramic cups, at 60 cm depth, and drainage estimates. The crops were grown with three husbandry systems and two levels of N fertilizer. The husbandry systems were designed to reflect local practice (Standard), the best possible techniques to reduce N loss (Protective) and an Intermediate system which was a compromise between the two. Nitrogen was applied at full and half recommended rates. Drainage started during September in four years and November in one year, with above average drainage in three years. Losses of N were largest after peas (58 kg/ha) and oilseed rape (42 kg/ha), and least (17 kg/ha) before peas sown in spring after a cover crop. Over five years, the Protective management system, which used early sowing and shallow cultivation wherever possible, lost least N (31 kg/ha/y) and the Standard system, with conventional drilling dates and ploughing as the primary cultivation, lost most (49 kg/ha/y). Halving the N fertilizer decreased N loss by 11 kg/ha/y, averaged over the rotation. None of the treatments gave mean drainage water nitrate concentrations of less than 50 mg/l, averaged over the five years. Changes to arable cropping alone will not eliminate the need for other measures to control nitrate concen-trations in public drinking water supplies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00551.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lamp-pumped laser performance of Nd3+:Sr5(PO4)3F operating both separately and simultaneously at 1.059 and 1.328 μm (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 1280-1286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Lamp-pumped laser performance of Nd3+-doped strontium fluorapatite, Sr5(PO4)3F or S-FAP, has been characterized and compared with that of Nd3+-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) at both 1.06 and 1.3 μm. Nd3+:S-FAP was found to exhibit lower thresholds and lower slope efficiencies than Nd3+:YAG. The former is attributed to the higher emission cross section, and the latter to lower Nd3+ concentration in S-FAP. The 1.3 μm lasing of Nd3+:S-FAP is of particular interest because of its high emission cross section (2.4×10−19 cm2). Q-switched and dual-wavelength lasing operation were also demonstrated in Nd3+:S-FAP. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362926
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spin polarized photoemission studies of the 3s core level in ferromagnetic systems (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6507-6508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spin polarized core level photoemision studies are capable of providing local site specific magnetic information. 3s core level photoemission spectra are characterized by a main peak and satellite whose separation reflects the exchange interaction between the core level and the net spin in the valence bands. However, there is currently considerable disagreement as to whether the splitting between these two peaks may be taken as a measure of the local moment. An alternative approach is to examine the intensities of the different peaks in the spectra. Indeed analysis of the multiplet intensities in the final state suggests that it should be possible to obtain a reasonable measure of the local magnetic moment through measurement of the spin dependent intensities in the multiplet structure. In detailed spin polarized photoemission studies of the 3s core level of Fe and Co films grown on Ag(001) and Cu(001) substrates, respectively, we find that this is indeed the case. This suggests that studies of the spin polarization of the 3s core level photoemission may provide an important new technique for the measurement of magnetic moments in thin films. Lineshape fitting reveals new information about the lifetime of the core holes. Previous studies have suggested that a majority spin core hole will be shorter lived than a minority spin core hole because of the higher density of majority spin electrons in the valence bands. However, our studies indicate that the lifetime is more complicated and that it shows a strong dependence on the LS in the final state. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362696
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical spectroscopy investigations of half metallic ferromagnetic Heusler alloy thin films: PtMnSb, NiMnSb, and CuMnSb : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4164-4166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have studied the optical properties of cosputtered XMnSb (X=Cu,Ni,Pt) thin films using light transmission, reflection, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. We observed a feature in the transmission spectra suggestive of a band gap of energy ∼1.5–1.7 eV for PtMnSb, ∼1.1 eV for NiMnSb and ∼0.8 eV for CuMnSb. This behavior is consistent with predictions of the half metallic ferromagnetic state in PtMnSb and NiMnSb. The values for PtMnSb and NiMnSb are larger than the ones previously reported by other authors on bulk polished samples. We interpret this discrepancy as due to surface contamination of the bulk samples or nonstoichiometry in our films. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365167
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predictive Chlorine Dosing: A New Paradigm (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Disinfection by chlorine is common practice in potable water treatment. The most frequently used dose control method is to inject an overdose of chlorine at the inlet to the contact tank and adjust to the desired residual chlorine level in the effluent stream. However, this method of control may not be optimal. The advent of reliable predictions of retention time distributions and the widespread use of programmable logic controllers, coupled with a greater understanding of chlorine disinfection kinetics, offers the potential for more efficient chlorine dosing algorithms. This paper describes one possible algorithm, based on theoretical models, for predictive chlorine dosing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb01374.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T Cell-Dependent Suppression of an Anti-Hapten Antibody Response (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Immunological reviews 26 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1975.tb00178.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spin Polarized Photoemission (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 25 (1995), S. 455-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.25.080195.002323
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectroscopy of phenol: The structure and assignment of the B˜-state of the cation (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 6785-6794 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The newly developed technique of photoinduced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to study the B˜←X˜ transition in the phenol and phenol-d6 cations. Vibrationally resolved spectra have been obtained for the B˜ state in phenol ion via the origin and the ν6, and ν12 vibrations of the ground ionic state. Similarly, vibrationally resolved spectra for the B˜ state in phenol-d6 ion have been obtained via the origin and ν6 vibration. Calculations to date have suggested the character of the half-filled orbital is π type, and experimental evidence for the B˜-state assignment so far has been inconclusive. In contrast to previous featureless photoelectron spectra, the main feature in all of the spectra presented here is the presence of several long, low frequency Frank–Condon progressions, suggestive of a large geometry change in the transition. Configuration interaction singles 6-31G* calculations, allowing full geometry optimization, show that the first excited σ state has the OH group rotated 90° from the planar ground state. Therefore, the symmetry for the B˜ state in phenol cation is assigned to be 2pσ instead of π, corresponding to that of benzene and several other monosubstituted benzenes. Further support for this assignment is found in a calculation of the normal mode vibrations, based on the geometry optimized for the excited σ state. These show three low frequency normal modes having a large amount of OH torsion, one of which has a ring motion identical to one of the two normal modes that induces the B˜←X˜ transition in the benzene cation. This calculated normal mode is, therefore, assigned to the most intense and most extensive progression observed in the photoinduced Rydberg ionization spectra. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.473677
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