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  • 1990-1994  (12)
  • 1980-1984  (3)
  • 1975-1979  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 289-292 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Deterrence ; oral dosing ; toxicity ; diet breadth ; Hypera brunneipennis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant secondary compounds, several of which are quite widespread in nature were tested for their deterrence to the specialist coleopteran Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman) in short-term behavioral assays. The compounds were nicotine, quinine, sparteine, hordenine, linamarin, amygdalin, sinigrin, morin, juglone, chlorogenic acid, digitonin, mimosine, diosgenin, rutin and ursolic acid. Nine of these were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over one to two weeks of adult life, using fecundity as a measure of the effects. In only one case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: diet mixing ; foraging ; generalist ; grasshopper ; plant-insect interaction ; omnivory ; Brachystola magna ; Taeniopoda eques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The foraging behavior of a cryptic romaleine grasshopper was observed in its natural habitat in southern Arizona. Individual polyphagy, dietary mixing, and the pattern of feeding on different substrates were monitored. Individuals were found to be extreme generalists with surprising levels of feeding on other insects. Differences in the foraging behavior between grasshopper species are discussed in relation to the habitat, the season, and the different defensive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 161-180 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: plant secondary compound ; Schistocerca americana ; diets ; food mixing ; feeding behavior ; feeding patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant secondary compounds can prevent feeding by phytophagous insects or, if ingested, can be poisonous to them. Less attention has been paid to the additional effects they have on feeding behavior when they are only weakly deterrent or not deterrent at all. Experiments were carried out on the generalist grass-hopperSchistocerca americana. Individuals were presented either with two cakes of high-quality artificial food with a single deterrent compound added or with two cakes, each with a different added deterrent compound. The deterrents consisted of single plant secondary compounds that were either marginally or strongly deterrent. There were profound differences in feeding behavior between those individuals given identical and those given different cake types, including longer feeding bouts on single cakes when a choice of different cake types was available. The behavioral effects demonstrate that the presence of secondary compounds in one food can influence the patterns of feeding on other available foods and suggest that such chemicals could impact foraging activities in a complex manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; grasshopper ; learning ; aversion ; novelty ; polyphagy ; dietary mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Schistocerca americanasixth-instar nymphs were examined for a change in diet acceptance, in which insects experiencing an unfavorable diet subsequently become predisposed to eat relatively less of that diet and more of diets with a novel flavor than they would had they previously fed on a more adequate diet. Insects were pretreated for 4 h on either low-protein (2 % wet wt) or higherprotein (4%) artificial diets flavored with a plant secondary compound (tomatine or rutin). They were then offered, in choice or no-choice tests, the lowprotein diet with the familiar or a novel (tomatine, rutin, or NHT) flavor. When tomatine was the familiar and rutin the novel flavor in a no-choice test, the insects previously fed low-protein diets took relatively long meals on the novel and relatively short meals on the familiar diets compared with the insects that had previously eaten higher-protein diets. A similar, but in this case considerably less pronounced and statistically nonsignificant, pattern existed in the reciprocal design experiment in which rutin was the familiar and tomatine the novel flavor. Similarly, insects fed low-protein diets flavored with rutin subsequently showed an increased relative preference for the novel flavor (NHT) in a choice test, compared with the high protein-pretreated insects. It is concluded that insects fed protein-deficient diets may subsequently show a preference for novel foods through different mechanisms, the importance of which may differ in different circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca americana ; rutin ; grasshopper ; phagostimulant ; phenolic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rutin was demonstrated to be a phagostimulant for the grasshopper Schistocerca americana across a very wide concentration range. The effect was not maintained over a period of days if the insects had already ingested a large amount, but when individuals were given different concentrations on disks as supplements to their lettuce diet, they tended to self select a moderate quantity on a daily basis. In long term experiments on food utilization and growth rates using artificial diet, no beneficial effects of rutin could be demonstrated. Ingested rutin was absorbed and some of it deposited in the cuticle. Most was excreted as the aglycone quercetin. The possible functional significance of the phagostimulatory effect is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 23 (1978), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix substances provoquant l'inappétence, appartenant à sept classes chimiques différentes, ont été examinées isolément et en diverses combinaisons quant à leur effet sur Locusta migratoria. L'inappétence obtenue avec différentes combinaisons a indiqué que les effects des substances chimiques individuelles s'additionnaient. Un groupe de quatorze composés phénoliques dérivés des feuilles de sorgho a été éprouvé à des concentrations existant dans la nature. Bien que ces composés n'aient pas causé individuellement une inappétence mesurable, le mélange de tous les composés, aux mêmes concentrations, a réduit considérablement l'ingestion d'aliments.
    Notes: Abstract Combinations of feeding deterrents are additive in their effects on the feeding behaviour of Locusta migratoria. The effect has been shown within and across different chemical classes. A mixture of fourteen different phenolic compounds from Sorghum bicolor tested in naturally occurring concentrations is deterrent although the individual levels of deterrence are not measurable. The significance of the findings in relation to plant resistance is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 24 (1978), S. 244-253 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a mis à l'épreuve un certain nombre d'espèces différentes de criquets et de sautériaux en ajoutant du tanin à leur ration alimentaire. Dans tous les cas, le tanin a été appliqué à la surface des feuilles dont on nourrissait quotidiennement les insectes. On a mesuré la survie, la croissance, la consommation, la digestion et l'efficacité de la conversion des aliments digérés et on a comparé les résultats avec ceux d'insectes témoins. Dans aucun cas la digestion n'a été réduite par l'addition de tanin à la ration, même à des concentrations de 10% du poids sec pour le tanin concentré ou de 20% du poids sec pour le tanin hydrolisable. Cela est en contraste avec la situation chez les Lepidoptera, et avec l'opinion généralement admise que les tanins réduisent toujours la digestibilité. On discute des implications pour l'évolution et on émet l'hypothèse que l'insecte primitif aurait été adapté à la présence de tanin avant le développement rapide des différents groupes d'insectes au carbonifère. Étant donné que les tanins étaient présents en quantité considérable avant cette période, il est peu vraisemblable qu'ils aient été élaborés comme moyen de protection contre les insectes. Dans le cas deLocusta migratoria, qui est graminivore, le tanin hydrolisable s'est avéré délétère à cause de son passage à travers la membrane péritrophique. Au départ, la digestion n'était pas touchée, mais par la suite des lésions graves de l'épithelium du mésentéron et des caeca se sont produites, et, aux concentrations élevées, la mortalité apparaissait généralement lorsque le tanin avait été ajouté à la ration pendant seulement un ou deux stades larvaires.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments are described where different grasshopper species were fed with wheat leaves with or without added tannin. Condensed tannin and hydrolysable tannin were tested in separate experiments, and the survival, growth, consumption, digestion, and efficiency of conversion of digested food were all measured. In no case was digestion reduced by the addition of tannin to the diet. In the graminivorousLocusta migratoria however hydrolysable tannin had a deleterious effect on the insect because in this species it passed through the peritrophic membrane and severely damaged the epithelium of the midgut and caeca. The evolutionary implications of these effects and lack of them are discussed, and the need for caution stressed in respect of generalisations concerning plants which contain tannins, and the herbivores which feed on them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 158-166 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wachstum und Entwicklung von 15 Acridoidea-Arten wurde studiert und zwar mit und ohne Zugabe von Tanninsäure zur Nahrung in Konzentrationen bis zu 20% Trockensubstanz. In keinem Fall wurde die Verdauung beeinträchtigt; nur in den hohen Konzentrationen wurde die Futteraufnahme gesichert vermindert. Polyphage Arten zeigten keine ungünstige Effekte, und bei zwei Arten wirkte Tannin günstig. Dagegen wurde bei grasfressenden Heuschrecken das Wachstum reduziert, und die Überlebensrate war gering. Der Unterschied liegt im wesentlichen darin, dass bei grassfressenden Arten Tanninsäure in die peritrophische Membran eindringt und das Mitteldarmephithel beschädigt, wobei es zu Läsionen kommt und wobei Tannin in die Körperhöhle gelangt.
    Notes: Abstract The growth and development of fifteen species of Acridoidea were studied, with and without the addition of tannic acid in concentrations of up to 20% dry weight. In no case was digestion disturbed, and only at the high levels was there a significant reduction in consumption. Polyphagous species showed no deleterious effects, and in two species tannin was beneficial, while graminivorous acridids showed reduced growth rates and poor survival. The difference lies mainly in the fact that tannic acid penetrates the peritrophic membrane in the graminivorous species, and causes damage to the midgut epithelium with the eventual development of lesions and the occurrence of tannin in the haemocoel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 24 (1978), S. 123-144 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On montre que Sorghum bicolor, au stade de plantule, est très peu apprécié par Locusta migratoria, mais qu'il devient de plus en plus appétissant au cours de sa croissance et de sa maturation. Ce changement n'est pas dû uniquement aux quantites croissantes de phagostimulants nutritifs. On a quantifié les changements du nivéau de la cyanogénèse chez Sorghum au fur et à mesure de sa croissance et on a mesuré le taux de dégagement de HCN par hydrolyse enzymatique après lésion des tissus. Par une technique nouvelle de biotitrage utilisant une canule implantée en permanence à travers le labium, on a montré que les concentrations de HCN dégagées naturellement par les jeunes plantes ont un effet répulsif sur Locusta. On a montré que la cyanogénése est la cause du caractère inappétissant des très jeunes plantes mais son niveau n'est pas suffisamment élevé pour expliquer le maintien d'une appétence réduite. Au second stade de croissance étudié, les acides phénoliques produits par la plante accroissent la répulsion causée par la cyanogénèse. On a trouvé que ces acides étaient présents dans la plante sous forme d'esters et qu'ils étaient dégagés enzymatiquement lors de lésions causées aux tissus par l'insecte s'alimentant, de la même façon que HCN. Aucun des acides phénoliques n'est dégagé à une concentration suffisante pour être répulsif, mais le mélange est répulsif à cause de l'effet cumulé des différentes substances chimiques. Le changement du caractère appétissant de Sorghum bicolor (var. 65D) pour Locusta migratoria est attribuable aux effects combinés de la cyanogénése et du dégagement d'acide phénolique.
    Notes: Abstract The resistance of young Sorghum bicolor to attack by Locusta migratoria (L.) has been investigated from a chemical standpoint. Absence of phagostimulants is not important. The release on biting of HCN from the non-deterrent cyanogenic glucoside, dhurrin, has been shown quantitatively to play an important part in the unpalatability. Correlation of feeding data with release rates of HCN showed that the increase in palatability of Sorghum did not closely correspond to the rapid fall in release of HCN as the plants aged, and when different concentrations of HCN were directly introduced into the mouthparts of Locusta using a cannula, the concentration of HCN released after the first growth stage was insufficient to account for the continued unpalatability. The effects on Locusta of other chemicals in Sorghum were monitored using a series of crude plant extracts. A lipid-soluble extract from plants at growth stage 1 and an extract of phenolic acids naturally released from the plants at stage 2 both showed deterrent effects. The individual phenolic acids were identified and all were found to occur naturally as esters with no deterrent properties. Estimates were made of the concentrations of free acids released by disruption of the plant tissues in several ways: maximum concentration occurs at growth stage 2. Bioassays showed that the deterrent effects of HCN and the phenolic acid mixture were additive and the change in palatability of the plant with increasing maturity is thus completely accounted for.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 53-56 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 6 composés secondaires végétaux: sinigrine, acide caféique, acide vanilique, linamarine, amygdaline et gramine, très répandus dans la nature, se montrent phagodissuasifs pour le spécialiste de graminées, Locusta migratoria. C'est pourquoi leurs effects après ingestion sont examinés sur tous les stades larvaires. Pour mettre en évidence une influence éventuelle, les expériences sont réalisées avec une ration alimentaire correspondant à la moitié de celle qu'absorbent des criquets consommant à volonté. Dans un cas, l'addition d'un composé secondaire dans le régime alimentaire (amygdaline) produit une augmentation significative du taux de croissance. La discussion porte sur les conséquences évolutives de ces résultats.
    Notes: Abstract Six plant secondary compounds that are quite widespread in nature were shown to be deterrent to the grass specialist, Locusta migratoria. These were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over the whole of the last larval instar. To enhance the possibility of an effect, experiments were conducted where the food ration was less than half of that normally taken by insects feeding ad libitum. In no case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. In one case (amygdalin) there was a significant increase in growth rate with the addition of the secondary compound to the diet. The evolutionary implication of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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