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Self-observation in natural environments: Reactive effects of behavior desirability and goal-setting (1978)

Ewart, Craig K.

Springer

Cognitive therapy and research 2 (1978), S. 39-56

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ISSN: 1573-2819

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Psychology

Notes: Abstract Behavioral effects of self-monitoring in the laboratory may not prove significant when individuals self-record for extended periods in their normal environments. A series of three experiments examined the extent to which a behavior's desirability or “valence” may cause it to change when self-monitored for several days in natural settings. Subjects' time awareness, the dependent variable, was measured before and after exposure to favorable, unfavorable, or neutral evaluations of time concern; half of the subjects were also told that a specific time-awareness level or goal (performance standard)was desirable. Results disclosed limitations of previous laboratory data. Valences determined only the initial direction and magnitude of behavior change; their effect after the first posttreatment day was not uniform. A valence alone maintained significant behavior change only if the change was in a direction supported by the subject's environment. A performance standard maintained change in the face of an unfavorable environment providing the subject found the standard credible. A watchbox device permitted surreptitious reliability checks: Self-monitoring proved slightly more reliable than previous research had indicated.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01172511

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Avian scale development. Absence of an “epidermal placode” in reticulate scale morphogenesisAided by Biology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina. (1977)

Sawyer, R. H. ; Craig, K. F.

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 83-93

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ISSN: 0362-2525

Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Timed-sequence studies have shown that reticulate scales on the ventral footpads of birds do not undergo “epidermal placode” formation during their morphogenesis, but arise as symmetrical evaluations similar to the scales of snakes and lizards. Unlike the scutellate scales on the dorsal surface of the foot, in which the formation of an “epidermal placode” and its subsequent morphogenesis result in distinct outer and inner epidermal surfaces, the reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface.

Additional Material: 4 Ill.