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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 340 (1973), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vascular Smooth Muscle ; Muscle Stretch ; Length-Tension Relationship ; Isotonic and Isometric Contractions ; Contractile Proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The length-tension relationships of resting or activated (by 130 mM of potassium) helical strips of the pig coronary artery were studied. The distensibility of the preparations was expressed by approximated exponential function. In non-activated strips, an average lengthening of 9.64% was necessary for doubling the resting tension. The maximum of active tension (isometric contractions) occurred at high degrees of muscle stretch, whereas the maximum of shortening (isotonic free-loaded contractions) was found at lower values of resting tension. If the theory of the sliding mechanism is a correct assumption for the contraction process of vascular smooth muscle, the maximum of active tension observed at a muscle stretch of about 8000 dynes/mm2 is obviously caused by an optimal overlapping of actin and myosin filaments. At this high degree of muscle stretch, however, a great number of cross-linkages is necessary to overcome the passive tension and only few cross-linkages are available for shortening. Therefore, in isotonic contractions the amount of shortening is diminished and the time to peak of contraction is augmented with elevated resting tension exceeding 1000 dynes/mm2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Vascular Smooth Muscle ; Adrenergic Alpha-Receptors ; Vasopressin ; Potassium Depolarization ; Noradrenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Determinations of the maximum tension development of the helical strip of rat aorta showed that the maximal response to vasopressin amounted to 75% and that to potassium-induced depolarization to 93% of the contraction caused by noradrenaline (=100%). 2. When phentolamine (1.2-6.2×10−6 g/ml) was added to the bath 15 min before the determination of dose-response curves for noradrenaline, there was a concentration-dependent shift of the curve to the right; the slope of the curve, the ED50 and the concentration of noradrenaline required for maximum activation of the muscle increased. However, when phentolamine (1.2 to 6.2×10−6 g/ml) was administered after the development of a maximum response to noradrenaline, the muscle relaxed nearly completely. In the presence of phenoxybenzamine (3×10−6 g/ml) noradrenaline failed to cause contractions. 3. The dose-response curve for vasopressin was sigmoid. The presence of phentolamine did not affect the ED50 (at 1.6×10−3 IU/ml) or the peak of the curve (at 1.2×10−2 IU/ml). The administration of vasopressin to depolarized muscles always caused a contractile response. When the muscle was activated repeatedly by vasopressin, tachyphylaxis occurred. 4. Block of the adrenergic alpha-receptors influenced the contractile response to depolarization far less than that to noradrenaline. 5. In accordance with earlier studies, the present results lead to the conclusion that the contraction of the vascular smooth muscle in response to noradrenaline, vasopressin, or depolarization, respectively, involves different mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vascular Smooth Muscle ; Mechanisms of Activation ; Noradrenaline ; Potassium-Induced Depolarization ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Contraction of helical strips of the rat aorta was induced by 3 μg/ml of noradrenaline or by potassium-rich solution (80–120 mM K). The resulting amplitudes of contraction were maximal for these respective ways of activation and showed almost the same value in this preparation. 2. The noradrenaline-induced tension, but not the contraction induced by depolarization, decreased, when the hydrogen ion concentration of the bath solution was increased. Furthermore, the response to noradrenaline was more sensitive to a blockade of the adrenergic alpha-receptors or a variation of the bath temperature. 3. Since, after the application of papaverine, the amplitudes of contraction produced by noradrenaline or depolarization were diminished to the same degree, papaverine probably acts on the later steps of the activation-contraction mechanism. 4. When verapamil (iproveratril) was applied in order to inhibit excitationcontraction coupling, tension development after depolarization was influenced to a higher degree than noradrenaline-induced contraction. 5. The fact that it is possible to inhibit the response to depolarization without substantial influence on the response to noradrenaline andvice versa led to the conclusion that in the rat aorta depolarization on the one hand and noradrenaline on the other hand act via different mechanisms of activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vascular Smooth Muscle ; Norepinephrine ; Potassium-Depolarization ; Temperature ; Calcium ; Gefäßmuskelkontraktion ; Noradrenalin ; Kalium-Depolarisation ; Temperatur ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An isolierten Spiralstreifen der Rattenaorta wurde der Einfluß der Badtemperatur auf die passive Ruhespannung und die maximale, durch Noradrenalin (=NA) bzw. Kalium (=K) induzierte Kontraktionsamplitude untersucht. 1. Zwischen 37°C und 15°C verminderte eine Abkühlung den Basaltonus reversibel um jeweils 20 dyn/°C (Abb.1a-d und 4a). 2. Die adrenerg ausgelöste Kontraktionsamplitude besaß ein Optimum um 37°C, war unter 33,5°C linear zur Temperatur korreliert und bei 15°C nahezu aufgehoben (Abb.3a). In Ca-armer Lösung (1,1 statt 2,4 mM/l) zeigte sich ein signifikant stärkerer Temperatureinfluß (Tab.1). 3. Bei 37°C betrug die zur maximalen adrenergen Aktivierung erforderliche NA-Konzentration 2,4·10−6 g/ml. Sie sank zwischen 37°C und 25°C exponentiell um mehr als eine Zehnerpotenz. 4. Die durch 136 mM/l K erzeugte Spannung zeigte nur eine geringe Temperaturabhängigkeit (Abb.4b). Eine Senkung der Ca-Konzentration blieb dabei ohne signifikanten Einfluß (Tab.1). 5. Bei einem Temperatursprung von 20°C auf 30°C ergab sich für die adrenerge Aktivierung ein Q10 von 2,8 und für die Depolarisation einQ 10 von 1,23. Dieser Befund spricht in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen für eine unterschiedliche Aktivierung der kontraktilen Elemente.
    Notes: Summary In isolated helical strips of rat aorta, the influence of a variation of bath-temperature on the passive tension as well as on the force of contraction, induced by norepinephrine (=NE) or potassium-depolarization respectively, was investigated. 1. Within the range of 37°C and 15°C the passive tension was diminished reversibly by cooling to an extend of 20 dyne/°C (Fig.1a-d, 4a). 2. The NE-induced contraction reached its highest value at 37°C. Between 33.5°C and 15°C the existence of a linear function between temperature and force of contraction could be shown. The contraction was almost abolished at 15°C (Fig.3a). Changing the calcium content of the bath-fluid from 2.4 to 1.1 mM, the slope of the linear regression curve increased significantly (Table 1). 3. At 37°C the concentration of NE, necessary for the maximum force of contraction, was 2.4×10−6 g/ml. The peak of the dose-response-curve shifted to lower NE-concentration by cooling the bath-fluid (Fig.2). From 37°C to 25°C there was an exponential function between temperature and that NE-concentration which induced the highest degree of contraction (Fig.3b); e.g., lowering the temperature by each 3.14°C, this maximum effective NE-concentration was halved. 4. Increasing the potassium concentration to 136 mM, the dependence on temperature of the force of contraction became smaller than after activation by NE (Fig.4b). The influence of a reduction of the calcium concentration was negligible in these experiments (Table 1). 5. Changing the temperature from 20°C to 30°C, there was aQ 10 value of 2.8 for the NE-induced contraction and of 1.23 for the activation by depolarization. 6. According to earlier results, the activation of the vascular smooth muscle by depolarization on the one hand and NE on the other hand is discussed on the basis of suggesting different mechanisms.
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