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  • 1970-1974  (13)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The response of stomata to a gradual increase in temperature at increasing plant water stress was studied in a hot desert habitat (Negev, Israel) in the field, but under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Four native species (Zygophyllum dumosum, Artemisia herba-alba, Hammada scoparia, Reaumuria negevensis) and one cultivated plant (Prunus armeniaca) were used in these studies. The stomatal response to temperature was compared with the response in well-irrigated plants of the same species. At low water stress, the diffusion resistance for water vapour decreased in response to a gradual increase in temperature. Transpiration increased accordingly. This response was reversible. All species responded in the same way. The opening of stomata with increasing temperature was apparently independent of the stomatal response regulated by atmospheric humidity. At high plant water stress, the stomatal response was reversed, i.e., the stomata closed when temperature was gradually increased. This stomatal closure was also independent of the closure regulated by atmospheric humidity. The plant water potential at which the stomatal response to temperature was reversed, differed among the species investigated.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 100 (1971), S. 76-86 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Large areas of the lower epidermis of full-grown leaves of Polypodium vulgare (and Valerianella locusta) are normally separated from the mesophyll by an extensive subepidermal airspace. Epidermal stripes were prepared for experiments to simulate these conditions in order to investigate stomatal reactions. They were placed with their inner surface in contact with an airspace of uniformly high humidity. The outer surface was treated with air of varying degrees of humidity. The stomatal reactions were observed by microscope and the opening of the guard cells determined photographically. Treatment of the outer side of the epidermis with dry air led to a rapid closing of the stomata, whilst moist air caused opening. This induction of opening and closing movements could be repeated up to 15 times with the same stoma by changing the degree of humidity. Neighbouring groups of stomata showed different apertures according to their individual humidity conditions. The degree of aperture of the stomata depended on the water potential of the ambient air and also on the humidity conditions in the subepidermal airspace. The cause of this stomatal behaviour could lie in the “peristomatal transpiration”. In this way, the guard cells are able to function as “humidity sensors” which “measure” the difference in water potential inside and outside the leaf. Their aperture thus is controlled by their individual transpiration conditions. This controlling mechanism could be very important for the water economy of plants. They would appear to be able to reduce their transpiration through an increase in diffusion resistance of the stomata during decreasing humidity in the ambient air, without changing the water status of the whole leaf.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments with Prunus armeniaca were carried out under conditions of constant temperature but varying air humidity. Experiments were also contucted with a constant water vapor difference between the evaporating sites in a leaf and the air, but with varying leaf temperature. These served as a basis for predicting the daily course of total diffusion resistance under the natural climatic conditions of a desert. For the simulation, the rsults of the experiments at constant conditions with only one variable factor are fitted with empirical equations which serve as “calibration curves” to predict the change in diffusion resistance caused by a change in humidity and temperature calculated from the meteorological data of a desert day. The simulation shows that for P. armeniaca humidity and temperature are the dominating factors in controlling the daily course of diffusion resistance. For meteorologically very different days the simulation allows the increase in diffusion resistance in the morning to be predicted with an accuracy of 90%–105% as compared to directly observed measurements. In the afternoon, especially after extreme climatic conditions during the morning, the deviation between predicted and observed values of diffusion resistance may be greater, but not more than -20% to -30%. This possibly indicates the existence of an additional factor of significance which was not included in the simulation. The two peaked curves of net photosynthesis and transpiration characteristic of plants living under arid conditions can be explained in this species by the humidity-and temperature-controlled stomatal response. This stomatal regulation leads to a decreasing total daily transpirational water loss on a dry day as compared to a moist one. The significance of this controlling mechanism for the primary production and the water relations of P. armeniaca is discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 15 (1974), S. 33-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die SO2-Resistenz von 12 Flechtenarten verschiedener Wuchsformen und Standorte untersucht. Hierzu wurden die Thalli einerseits mit SO2 begast (Konzentrationsstufen am Eingang der Begasungsküvette 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 und 4,0 mg SO2/m3 Luft) oder andererseits mit Na2S2O5-Lösungen unterschiedlicher Konzentrationen und pH-Werte behandelt. Als Vitalitätskriterium wurde der CO2-Gaswechsel der Thalli vor der SO2-Begasung, unmittelbar danach und darauffolgend in Abständen im Verlauf von mehreren Wochen mit dem Ultrarotabsorptionsschreiber verfolgt. Außerdem wurden in einigen Fällen die Chlorophyllgehalte bestimmt. 1. Bei den Begasungsexperimenten treten deutliche artspezifische Resistenzunterschiede auf. Die empfindlichsten Arten zeigen im voll hydratisierten Zustand bereits nach 14stündiger Behandlung mit 0.5 mg SO2/m3 eine Beeinflussung der Nettophotosynthese und Dunkelatmung; die Photosyntheseintensität von Labaria pulmonaria ist sogar irreversibel geschädigt. Die widerstandsfähigsten Arten überleben dagegen eine gleichlange Behandlung mit 4 mg SO2/m3 nur mit geringer oder ohne bleibende Beeinträchtigung ihres CO2-Gaswechsels. Nach ihrer Reaktion auf diese Behandlung ergibt sich folgende Abstufung der Widerstandsfähigkeit der untersuchten Arten: Xanthoria parietina (resistenteste Art), Parmelia scortea, Parmelia acetabulum, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Labaria pulmonaria, Parmelia stenophylla, Evernia prunastri. Die empfindlichste Art, Evernia prunastri, ist bezeichnenderweise eine Strauchflechte. Flechten mit dieser Wuchsform sind auch von Geländeuntersuchungen her als besonders empfindlich bekannt. 2. Exemplare der gleichen Art (Parmelia saxatilis, Lobaria pulmonaria) können sich entsprechend ihrer Standorte in der SO2-Resistenz unterscheiden. Morphologisch-anatomische Merkmale (Thallus-und Cortexdicke) bedingen möglicherweise diese Unterschiede. 3. Die Empfindlichkeit der Flechten gegen SO2-Begasung ist stark von ihrem Wasserzustand abhängig. Bei abnehmendem Wasserpotential vermindert sich die SO2-Aufnahme und damit die Schädigung. Ausgetrocknete Thalli überleben hohe SO2-Konzentrationen in ihrer Umgebung ohne Beeinträchtigung. 4. Auch bei der Behandlung mit Na2S2O5-Lösungen treten artspezifische Unterschiede in der Widerstandsfähigkeit der Flechten auf. Die Reihenfolge in der Abstufung der Resistenz stimmt hier jedoch nicht mit der nach SO2-Begasung überein. Irreversible Schädigungen der Photosynthese sind nicht unbedingt mit einer Zerstörung des Chlorophylls korreliert. 5. Die Schädigung der Flechten hängt bei gleicher Na2S2O5-Konzentration wesentlich vom pH-Wert des Mediums ab; bei niedrigem pH ist die Wirkung bedeutend stärker als bei hohem. Das kann bekanntermaßen dadurch gedeutet werden, daß die Konzentrationen an schädigenden Ionen im Gleichgewichtssystem der dissoziierten Lösung pH-abhängig ist. Die Ergebnisse werden in Anlehnung an das Resistenz-Konzept Levitts unter dem Gesichtspunkt diskutiert, daß die Gesamt-Resistenz der Flechten gegen SO2 im Luftraum von 2 Komponenten bestimmt wird, der „avoidance” und der „tolerance” (vgl. Abb. 15). Einerseits hängt die Widerstandsfähigkeit bei gegebener Außenkonzentration davon ab, wieviel SO2 in den Thallus aufgenommen wird, was u. a. durch die Thallusorganisation (Lebensform, Oberflächenbeschaffenheit) und durch den augenblicklichen Quellungsgrad des poikilohydren Organismus bestimmt wird. Außerdem kann die Toxizität des aufgenommenen SO2 erniedrigt werden, wobei der pH-Wert im Thallus und seine Pufferkapazität (bedingt u.a. durch Standort und Substrat) eine ausschlaggebende Rolle spielen. Neben diesen „avoidance”-Faktoren wird die Gesamtresistenz der Flechten andererseits von der plasmatischen Widerstandsfähigkeit der empfindlichen Systeme gegen das aufgenommene SO2 bestimmt („tolerance”). Auch diese durch Einwirkung der Na2S2O5-Lösungen bestimmte Resistenz ist gewissen Schwankungen, z.B. mit dem Entwicklungszustand der Flechten, unterworfen. Die Unterschiede in der Abstufung der untersuchten Arten nach Gesamt-Resistenz (SO2-Begasung) und plasmatischer Resistenz (Na2S2O5-Lösungen) zeigen die Bedeutung der „avoidance”-Komponente für die Gesamt-Resistenz der Organismen. In ökologischer Hinsicht bestätigen die Untersuchungen die hohe Empfindlichkeit von Flechten gegenüber SO2-Belastung, auch in Konzentrationen, wie sie bei tatsächlichen Immissionen auftreten können. Andererseits zeigt sich die Kompliziertheit der ökologischen Interpretation experimentall ermittelter Resistenzphänomene.
    Notes: Summary The SO2 resistance of 12 lichen species with different growth forms and taken from different sites was investigated. The thalli were either exposed to different concentrations of SO2 gas (concentration at entry into the cuvette: 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg SO2/m3 air) or treated with Na2S2O5 solutions of differing concentration and pH. As a viability criterion the CO2 exchange of the thalli was measured with an infrared gas analyzer before and immediately after SO2 exposure and subsequently at intervals of several weeks. In some cases the chlorophyll content was also determined. 1. Species-specific differences were clearly apparent in the SO2 gas-exposure experiments. The influence of SO2 on net photosynthesis and dark respiration in the most sensitive species was detectable after exposure to 0.5 mg SO2/m3 for 14 h in a fully hydrated state. The photosynthetic intensity of Lobaria pulmonaria was actually irreversibly damaged. In contrast, the most resistant species survived a treatment with 4 mg SO2/m3 for the same length of time with little or no permanent impairment of their CO2 exchange. The reaction of the lichen species investigated to the above treatment allows us to arrange them in decreasing order of resistance: Xanthoria parietina (most resistant), Parmelia scortea, Parmelia acetabulum, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Labaria pumonaria, Parmelia stenophylla, Evernia prunastri. The most sensitive species, Evernia prunastri, is characteristically a fruticose lichen. Lichens with this growth form are known from field studies to be especially sensitive. 2. Examples of the same species (Parmelia saxatilis, Lobaria pulmonaria) can vary in their SO2 resistance according to their growing site. Morphological and anatomical characteristics (thallus and cortex thickness) may cause these differences. 3. The sensitivity of the lichens to SO2 is closely dependent upon their moisture status. When the water potential is lowered the SO2 uptake is reduced and with it the injury. Dried thalli survive high SO2 concentrations in their surroundings without damage. 4. The treatment with Na2S2O5 solutions also brought out species-specific differences in lichen resistance. However, the sequence of decreasing resistance is not the same as that to SO2 gas treatment. Irreversible damage of photosynthesis is not necessarily correlated with destruction of chlorophyll. 5. The damage caused to the lichens by the Na2S2O5 solutions (of the same concentration) is closely dependent upon the pH of the medium. At a low pH the effect is much more pronounced than at a high pH. This can be interpreted as due to the concentration of damaging ions, which changes according to the degree of dissociation of the solution; this is pH dependent. The results are discussed on the basis of Levitt's resistance concept that the total resistance of lichens to SO2 in the air is dependent upon two components, „avoidance” and „tolerance” (see Fig. 15). Resistance to a specific SO2 concentration in the air depends upon how much SO2 is taken up by the thallus, which is conditioned among other things by thallus organization (life form, surface characteristics) and by the degree of hydration of the poikilohydric organism. The toxicity of the SO2 taken up by the lichen can also be reduced; the pH of the thallus and its buffering capacity (dependent among other things upon site and substrate) play a dominant role in this process. In addition to these „avoidance” factors the total resistance of lichens is also dependent upon the plasmatic resistance of sensitive systems to SO2 (“tolerance”). This type of resistance, due to the influence of Na2S2O5 solution, is subject to considerable deviation (for example due to the developmental state of the lichen). The differences in the sequence of resistance for the investigated lichen species in terms of total resistance (SO2 treatment) and plasmatic resistance (Na2S2O5 solution treatment) show the significance of the “avoidance” component for the total resistance of the organisms. In ecological terms the investigation supports the view that lichens are highly sensitive to SO2, even in concentrations which occur due to real immisions. The study also shows the complexity of an ecological interpretation of experimentally determined resistance phenomena.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 8 (1972), S. 334-355 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Zeit stärkster Wasseranspannung, am Ende der Trockenzeit, wurde der Einfluß der Klimafaktoren auf Nettophotosynthese, Dunkelatmung und Transpiration von Pflanzen in der Negev-Wüste untersucht. Versuchsobjekte waren Wildpflanzen (Artemisia herba-alba, Hammada scoparia, Noaea mucronata, Reaumuria negevensis, Salsola inermis, Zygophyllum dumosum), Kulturpflanzen der Sturzwasserfarm Avdat (Prunus armeniaca, Vitis vinifera) und künstlich bewässerte Arten (Citrullus colocynthis, Datura metel). 1. Lichtsättigung der Nettophotosynthese findet entsprechend der ungehinderten Enstrahlung am Wüstenstandort zwischen 60 und 90 klx statt. 2. Bei Bezug auf das Trockengewicht der Assimilationsorgane übertreffen die maximalen apparenten Photosyntheseraten der mesomorphen, bewässerten Fflanzen die der Wildpflanzen um das Zehnfache. Im Vergleich zu den übrigen Arten erreichen die Wildpflanzen bei Bezug auf die Oberfläche demgenüber höhere Werte. Bezogen auf den gesamten Chlorophyllgehalt liegen die maximalraten der Nettophotosynthese von Salsola und Noaea in der gleichen Größenordnung wie die von Datura, Citrullus und Wein. Selbst Hammada erreicht höhere Werte als die Aprikose. Daraus wird die hohe Photosynthesefähigkeit der Wildpflanzen am Ende der Trockenzeit deutlich. 3. In Anpassung an die Standortstemperaturen liegt der obere Temperaturkompensationspunkt der Nettophotosynthese bei den Wildpflanzen ungewöhnlich hoch. Mit Werten über 49°C erreicht und überschreitet er die bisher für Blütenpflanzen bekannten Maxima. Hammada weist bei 37°C noch optimale Leistungsfähigkeit auf, und bei einer Temperatur der Assimilationsorgane von 49°C ist die Photosyntheserate erst zu 50% gemindert. 4. Die Blattemperatur beeinflußt den Gaswechsel der Pflanzen auch durch Einwirkung auf den Spaltöffnungszustand. Temperatursenkung führt zu Verminderung, Temperaturerhöhung zu Steigerung des internen Diffusionswiderstandes der Blätter für Wasserdampf. Die Mittagsdepression von Nettophotosynthese und Transpiration der Wüstenpflanzen kann daher auf einer temperaturgesteuerten Spaltöffnungsreaktion beruhen. Es wird diskutiert, inwieweit auch die bei erhöhter Temperatur gleichzeitig vergrößerte Wasserdampfdruckdifferenz zwischen Blattmesophyll und Umgebungsluft auf dem Wege über die peristomatäre Transpiration Spaltöffnungsregelungen bedingen kann. 5. Erhöhung der Temperatur bis in die Nähe der Hitzeresistenzgrenze führt zur Verringerung des Diffusionswiderstandes gegen Wasserdampf, also zu einer Öffnungsreaktion der Stomata. Das verursacht verstärkte Transpirationskühlung. 6. Bei zunehmender Wasseranspannung in den Blättern kann der Diffusions-widerstand für Wasserdampf in Form einer Schwellenreaktion durch Spaltenschluß plötzlich steigen, oder es kommt zur einem kontinuierlichen Anstieg, der mit allmählicher Abnahme von Transpiration und Nettophotosynthese verbunden ist. 7. Bei vielen Pflanzen zeigt sich im Tageslauf eine Zunahme des Diffusions-widerstandes für Wasserdampf, der eine Abnahme der Transpirationsrate, aber keine Depression der Nettophotosynthese entspricht. Der Quotient zwischen CO2-Aufnahme und Wasserabgabe wird im Laufe des Tages also günstiger. Es wird erwogen, ob dieses für Wüstenpflanzen vorteilhafte Reaktionsvermögen auf einer Erhöhung des Mesophyllwiderstandes für den Transpirationsstrom beruhen kann.
    Notes: Summary The influence of climatic factors on net photosynthesis, dark respiration and transpiration was investigated in the Negev Desert at the end of the dry summer period when plant water stress was at a maximum. Species studied included: dominant species of the natural vegetation (Artemisia herba-alba, Hammada scoparia, Noaea mucronata, Reaumuria negevensis, Salsola inermis, Zygophyllum dumosum), cultivated plants receiving rainfall and run-off water during the winter season in the run-off farm Avdat (Prunus armeniaca, Vitis vinifera), and irrigated cultivated plants receiving additional water during the summer season (Citrullus colocynthis, Datura metel). 1. Light saturation of net photosynthesis was reached at 60–90 klx conforming to the high solar radiation intensities of the desert. 2. Maximum rates of CO2 uptake per unit of dry weight for the irrigated mesomorphic plants was ten times that of the wild plants. However, in comparison to the other species, maximal rates of CO2 uptake for wild plants were higher when calculated on a leaf area basis than when represented on a dry weight basis. Maximum rates of net photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll content for some of the wild plants (Salsola and Noaea) were comparable to those of the cultivated Vitis and irrigated Citrullus and Datura, Hammada exhibited even higher rates than Prunus. This demonstrates the great photosynthetic capacity of the wild plants even at the end of the dry season. 3. The upper temperature compensation point for net photosynthesis of the wild plants was unusually high as an adaptation to the temperatures of the habitat. Compensation points higher than 49°C exceed the maxima known so far for other flowering species. Maximum rates of net photosynthesis of Hammada were measured when the temperature of the photosynthetic organs was 37°C; at 49°C photosynthesis was only reduced by 50%. 4. Leaf temperature affects plant gas exchange by influencing stomatal aperture. Diffusion resistance of leaves to water vapour was reduced at low temperatures and increased at high temperatures. Reduction of net photosynthesis and transpiration of desert plants at midday may, therefore, be the result of temperature-induced stomatal closure. The possible influence of peristomatal transpiration on stomatal aperture is also discussed. Peristomatal transpiration is directly related to the vapour pressure gradient between the leaf mesophyll and the ambient air which increases with increasing temperatures. 5. Diffusion resistance to water vapour was reduced at high temperatures approaching the limits of heat resistance, due to increased stomatal aperture. This resulted in greater transpirational cooling. 6. Under conditions of increased leaf water stress, diffusion resistance increased, either by sudden stomatal closure at specific threshold values of water stress or through a continuous increase in resistance. This increased resistance is coupled with decreases in transpiration and photosynthesis. 7. In several plant species increased diffusion resistance during the course of the day caused decreased transpiration without a corresponding decrease in photosynthesis. Under these conditions, the ratio of CO2 uptake to transpiration became more favourable as the day progressed. The possibility that this favourable gas exchange response is the result of an increased mesophyll resistance to water vapour loss is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 8 (1971), S. 296-309 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Carbon dioxide exchange and transpiration measurements of various wild and cultivated plants were carried out during the dry summer period in 1967 in the Central Negev Desert (Israel). A mobile laboratory used for these investigations is described. Measurements were carried out with conditioned plant chambers which followed either the ambient temperature and humidity or else allowed the experiments to be carried out under constant conditions. The accuracy of the measurements was estimated. The mean error of the determination of the CO2 exchange rate amounts to ±0.07 mg CO2·g-1·h-1. Transpiration rate is measured with an error of ±0.15 g H2O·g-1·h-1. The response time of the instrumentation to reach 90% equilibrium after a change in photosynthesis or transpiration is 7 to 9 minutes. Errors which are caused by changes of quality of incident radiant energy and altered turbulence conditions for the leaves enclosed in the chamber, are discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 9 (1972), S. 317-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The daily course of net photosynthesis and transpiration was measured with temperature and humidity controlled cuvettes at the end of the dry summer season in the Negev Desert. Species studied included: dominant species of the natural vegetation, cultivated plants in the run-off farm Avdat and permanently irrigated plants. An analysis of the influence of single climatic factors on gas exchange was given in part II of this publication. The reactions of the plants to complex changes in all the environmental parameters is the subject of this present study. 1. One-peaked daily courses of net photosynthesis occur in the irrigated species Citrullus colocynthis and Datura metel. After a high rate of net photosynthesis and transpiration before noon CO2 uptake is gradually reduced through stomatal closure even under good soil water conditions. Stomatal closure on C. colocynthis is controlled by the leaf temperatures whereas D. metel closes its stomata due to increasing water stress. 2. Without additional irrigation one-peaked daily courses are only possible with special constitutional adaptations to the extreme climate together with a balanced regulation of water loss. The annual Salsola inermis shows over the whole day no reduction in transpiration. Related to chlorophyll content, CO2 uptake almost attains the rates observed in the irrigated C. colocynthis. It is still unknown what type of water sources are at the disposal of this plant. The perennial chamaephytes Hammada scoparia and Reaumuria negevensis attain a stabilization of net photosynthesis at a lower level through reduction of stomatal water loss and through increased mesophyll resistance to water vapour. This reduces transpiration to a greater degree than CO2 uptake. The stomatal reactions of H. scoparia seem to be mainly controlled by the evaporation conditions in the atmosphere. Related to chlorophyll content in the assimilatory organs, net photosynthesis of both species is higher at noon than in all other chamaephytes. 3. Two-peaked daily courses of net photosynthesis are shown by plants of the run-off farm (Prunus armeniaca and Vitis vinifera). Both have a very high metabolic activity during the morning which is comparable even with that of D. metel and of H. scoparia. At noon, CO2 and H2O exchange is reduced through stomatal closure and falls below the level of all the other plants in the natural vegetation. In apricot, net photosynthesis of vertically oriented leaves does not drop to the compensation point at noon as was found with horizontally oriented leaves which had leaf temperatures some 6–8°C higher. 4. In the natural vegetation, only Noaea mucronata shows gas exchange reactions similar to those of apricot and grapvines. Also N. mucronata has high rates of net photosynthesis in the morning followed by a great reduction of gas exchange through stomatal closure at noon. At a higher water stress this type of an asymmetric two-peaked daily course is changed into a more flat symmetric two peaked curve with low metabolic activity during the morning. In Zygophyllum dumosum and in Artemisia herba-alba the reduction in CO2 uptake at noon is not caused by stomatal closure, but through temperatures above the optimum. The diffusion resistance for water vapour increases steadily during the day. 5. The daily balance of the CO2 exchange is calculated and is compared with the metabolic activity under optimal conditions. The potential photosynthetic capacity of wild plants under optimal conditions is more nearly met under the prevailing desert conditions than in the case with cultivated plants. The effects of the different types of daily courses of gas exchange on the distribution of plants of the Saharo-Arabian region (Reaumuria negevensis, Zygophyllum dumosum) and of plants of the Irano-Turanian vegetation (Hammada scoparia, Artemisia herbaalba) are discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During the dry season in the Negev desert (Israel) Artemisia herbaalba in its natural habitat has a very low water content. It shows values of negative hydrostatic pressure in the xylem down to -163 bars and an extreme of osmotic potential in the leaves of -92 bars. The diurnal water stress does not decrease strongly in the night. Under these conditions Artemisia is still photosynthetically active for a few hours of the day during the whole dry period.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A digital registration system used with temperature- and humidity-controlled cuvettes for net photosynthesis and transpiration measurements in the field is described. The associated errors of the measured parameters and calculated data are estimated. The digitalization is based on an analogue registration which is of primary importance in the control of experimental conditions in the cuvettes. The digital system is connected to the analogue registration in series. The error associated with digitalization is 0.1% across 70% of the scale. This error increases to 0.2% between 3 and 30% on the scale due to a minor lack of linearity. The reproducibility of the digitalization is ±0.024%. The error associated with data transfer in the digitalization and the errors of the analogue registration are estimated for temperature and humidity measurements (error of air and leaf temperature is ±0.1° C; error of the dew point temperature is ±1.1° C dew point). The effect of these errors on the calculation of relative humidity and the water vapour difference between the leaf and the air is determined using the progressive error law. At 30° C and 50% relative humidity, the error in relative humidity is ±7.4%, the error for the water vapour difference is ±6.6%. The dependence of these errors on temperature and humidity is shown. The instrument error of the net photosynthesis measurement is calculated to be ±4.2%. Transpiration measurements have an average inaccuracy of ±8.3%. The total diffusion resistance which is calculated from values of transpiration and the water vapour difference has an average error of ±10.9%. The sizeable influence of errors in humidity and temperature measurements on the calculated diffusion resistance is demonstrated. The additional influence of biological errors associated with field measurements is discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Temperature dependence of net photosynthesis under conditions of light saturation and maximum air humidity was measured throughout the season in the Central Negev Desert (Israel). Experimental plants were the wild growing Hammada scoparia and Prunus armeniaca cultivated in the runoff farm of Avdat. The optimum temperature for net photosynthesis and the upper temperature compensation point of CO2 exchange showed a characteristic seasonal variation with low values in spring and fall and high values in mid-summer. This shift was exhibited by plants growing under conditions of normal soil-water stress as well as by irrigated plants. There was no general correlation between the changes in temperature dependence of net photosynthesis of the plants, their maximum photosynthetic capacity under the experimental conditions, their daily photosynthesis maximum under natural conditions, and their rate of dark respiration. The seasonal shift of the photosynthetic response to temperature cannot be explained by changes in the temperature sensitivity of the stomata. It may be caused by seasonal changes of biochemical and/or biophysical properties. A number of observations made on other wild plants also showed, in all cases, seasonal shifts of the upper temperature compensation point, with an amplitude of 6.0°C–13.7°C.
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