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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 250 (1972), S. 594-601 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein neues stabiles Radikal,t-Butyl-(1,1-Dimethyl-pentyl)-Nitroxyd wurde synthetisiert und in eine Reihe von Natrium-Dodecylsulfat-Lösungen (NDS-Lösungen) mit zunehmender Konzentration bis zur Sättigung solubilisiert. Jede Lösung, deren Konzentration niedriger als die kritische Mizellkonzentration (CMC) war, zeigte ein Triplet-Signal auf ihrem ESR-Spektrum, wobei jedes eine enge Lorentzsche Kurve bildete. Oberhalb der CMC änderte sich die Gestalt des Signals mit der Konzentration in komplizierter Weise und ging schließlich bei sehr hoher Konzentration in ein Singlet-Signal über. Diese spektralen Veränderungen wurden mit dem Austausch von Radikalmolekülen zwischen Mizellen und der umliegenden Wasserphase gedeutet. Die durchschnittliche Verweilzeit eines Radikalmoleküls in einer Mizelle und die Molfraktion des Radikals in der Mizelle wurden durch Vergleich der experimentellen Spektren mit auf dem Rechner erzeugten theoretischen Spektren bestimmt. Wie erwartet, nahm die Molfraktion des Radikals in der Mizelle monoton mit steigender NDS-Konzentration zu. Aus der Tatsache, daß eine bestimmte Verweilzeit (3.3 · 10−6sec.) bei allen Konzentrationen oberhalb der KMK erreicht wurde, folgt, daß bei einer Zunahme in der Konzentration eines oberflächenaktiven Stoffes die Zahl der Mizellen zunimmt, ohne daß stärkere Veränderungen im Mizellbau auftreten.
    Notes: Summary A stable radicalt-butyl-(1,1-dimethylpentyl)-nitroxide was synthesized and solubilized to saturation into a series of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions of increasing concentration. Any solution whose concentration was below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) showed an ESR spectrum composed of a triplet signal, each branch of which formed a narrowLorentzian curve. Above the CMC, the signal shape varied with the change of concentration in a complicated manner, and finally merged into a broaderLorentzian singlet at an extremely high concentration. The spectral change was interpreted in terms of the incessant exchange of radical molecules between micelles and the bulk water phase surrounding micelles. The average stay-time of a radical molecule in a micelle and the mole fraction of micellar radical were determined by comparing experimental spectra with computer-generated theoretical spectra. As expected, the mole fraction of micellar radical increased monotonically with an increase in SDS concentration. The fact that a definite stay-time (3.3 · 10−6 sec) was obtained at all concentrations exceeding the CMC suggests that an increase in surfactant concentration causes the number of micelles to increase without a notable change in micelle structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 56-64 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion Mizelle⇌Monomere wurde mit Relaxationsmethoden: gestoppte Strömung, Drucksprung, Temperatursprung and Ultraschallabsorption Bowie durch NMR- oder ESR-Messungen unterscuht. Es ergab sich, daß die mit den erstgenannten Relaxationsmethoden ermittelten Geschwindigkeitskonstanten im allgemeinen kleiner als die mit der magnetischen Methode (NMR, ESR) erhaltenen Konstanten waren. Die Unstimmigkeit entsteht hauptsächlich dadurch, daß zur Deutung der experimentellen Daten verschiedene Modelle für die Mizelle-Monomere-Umwandlung angenommen worden sind. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird eine neue Analyse der Relaxationsdaten, bei welcher die Unstimmigkeit ausgeschlossen oder zum mindesten weitgehend verringert worden ist, vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary The rate of micelle-monomer conversion in a surfactant solution has been determined by two principal methods; the relaxation method including stopped flow, pressure jump, temperature jump, and ultrasonic absorption on the one hand, and the magnetic method utilizing the analysis of signal shape of NMR or ESR on the other. The examination of published data revealed that the rate constants obtained by the relaxation method were generally smaller than those estimated by the magnetic method. The discrepancy seems to originate mainly from the different models of micelle-monomer conversion assumed at the interpretation of experimental data. In this paper is proposed a new analysis of relaxation data, by which the discrepancy can be eliminated or at least much reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 482-485 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein stabiles und wenig wasserlösliches Radikal, t-Butyl(1,1-Dimethylpentyl)-Nitroxid, wurde in vier Reihen von wäßrigen Tensidlösungen mit verschiedenen Konzentrationen bis zur Sättigung solubilisiert. Die untersuchten Tenside waren Natrium Oktyl-, Decyl-, Dodecyl-, und Tetradecyl-Sulfate. Der Vergleich der gemessenen ESR-Spektren mit theoretischen Spektren zeigten, daß die durchschnittliche Verweilzeit eines Radikalmoleküls in einer Mizelle unempfindlich gegen die Änderung der Tensidkonzentration ist und mit der Alkylkettenlänge des Tensids gering, jedoch stetig zunimmt.
    Notes: Summary A stable and slightly water-soluble radical, t-butyl(1,1-dimethylpentyl) nitroxide, was solubilized up to saturation into series of aqueous surfactant solutions of various concentrations. The surfactants examined were sodium octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and tetradecyl sulfates. Comparisons of ESR spectra obtained experimentally with computer-generated theoretical spectra revealed that the average stay-time of a radical molecule in a micelle is insensitive to the change of surfactant concentration, and that an increase in the alkyl-chain length of the surfactant brings about a slight but steady increase of the stay-time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 236 (1970), S. 79-83 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary In this paper is described a simulation technique applicable to the gel filtration of an ionic surfactant in the presence of an electrolyte. The applicability was tested by using sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant and sodium chloride as an added salt. In qualitative aspects, the theoretical elution curves showed good agreements with the experimental ones. Disagreements found between both elution curves seemed to be ascribable to the adsorption of the surfactant on the gel surface which was neglected in the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 239 (1970), S. 606-610 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Mitteilung wird eine Simulationstechnik für die Gelfiltration eines Gemisches von zwei ionischen oberflächenaktiven Substanzen beschrieben und mit einem Gemisch von Natrium-Decyl- und Dodecylsulfat geprüft. Die theoretischen Elutionskurven zeigten gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Kurven. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Gelfiltration eine zweckmäßige und bequeme Methode zur Isolierung der Komponente mit niedrigeren KMK aus dem Gemisch ist. Die Trennung zweier Komponenten gelingt besser aus einem Gemisch von ionischen oberflächenaktiven Substanzen als aus einem solchen von nichtionischen.
    Notes: Summary In this paper is described a simulation technique applicable to the gel filtration of a mixture of two ionic surfactants. The applicability was tested by using a mixture of sodium decyl and docecyl sulfates. The theoretical elution curves showed good agreement with the experimental ones. It can be shown not only experimentally but also theoretically that the gel filtration is a powerful and convenient method to isolate the component which has a lower CMC from the mixture. The separation of components is achieved more effectively in a mixture of ionic surfactants than in a mixture of nonionic surfactants. The difference is due to ionic effect, on which a brief discussion is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 14 (1974), S. 115-129 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Operations research ; stochastic problems ; system modeling ; optimal strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A two-unit standby redundant system with repair and preventive maintenance is considered under the following assumptions: (I) the inspection of an operative unit is made only if the other unit is in standby; and (II) an operative unit, which forfeited inspection due to assumption (I), undergoes inspection just upon repair completion of the failed unit (or inspection completion). We derive the Laplace-Stieltjes transform of the cumulative distribution function of the time to the first system failure and the mean time to the first system failure. Further, we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimum preventive maintenance policy to exist with respect to the mean time to the first system failure. More importantly, under certain conditions, we find the analytical form of an optimum inspection time maximizing the mean time to the first system failure. A numerical example is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1581-1583 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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