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  • 1970-1974  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 26 (1970), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An expression for the scattering from a regular stack of lamellae is developed, maintaining an absorption term in the calculation. The effect of the absorption is to broaden peaks at small Bragg angles. The peaks sharpen with increasing order of diffraction. An expression for the lower angular limit of observable diffraction is evolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 27 (1971), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An expression for the scattering of X-rays from a regular stack of lamellae is developed, releasing the prior restraint that no refraction may occur. The effect of refraction is to cause deviations from the classical Bragg condition. Further, a condition of total reflection is shown to occur within systems whose lamellar spacings are greater than a critical value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 251 (1973), S. 193-214 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine experimentelle Apparatur sowie ein Verfahren wurden entwickelt zur Untersuchung der Kristallisation von Polyäthylen aus Lösungen, welche oszillatorischen Dehnströmungen mit konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeiten unterworfen waren. Untersuchungen der resultierenden Fasermorphologie, die aus Versuchen mit unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Dehngeschwindigkeiten resultierten, ergeben ein perlen- und kettenförmiges Erscheinungsbild der Faser. Prüfung des Schmelzverhaltens, der Säure-Ätzbarkeit und der selektiven Löslichkeit der Faser erlauben den Schluß, daß das Faserwachstum in einer Art und Weise vonstatten geht, die sofort zur perlen- und kettenförmigen Morphologie führt, und daß diese Morphologie nicht durch sekundäres, epitaxiales Kristallwachstum entsteht, wie man bisher annahm. Auf der Grundlage der experimentellen Ergebnisse wurde ein Modell für den Wachstumsprozeß vorgeschlagen. Fernerhin wird der Beweis erbracht, daß in gewissen Temperatur- und Deformationsgeschwindigkeits-Bereichen eine trikline Phasentransformation während des Fließprozesses vonstatten geht. Zwei unterschiedliche Schmelzeinheiten werden erzeugt, welche von der Dehngeschwindigkeit abhängig sind, ein Ergebnis, das in Einvernehmen mit früher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Dehnbeanspruchungen auf das Verhalten von festen Polymeren ist.
    Notes: Summary An experimental apparatus and technique were developed for studying the crystallization of polyethylene from solutions undergoing an oscillatory, constant stretch rate, extensional flow. Investigation of the resulting fiber morphology, obtained at various temperatures and stretch rates, shows that the fibers exhibit a bead and stringlike appearance. Study of the melting, acid etching, and selective dissolution behavior of the fibers leads to the conclusion that fiber growth occurs in a fashion which directly results in the bead and string morphology and that the morphology is not a result of secondary, epitaxial crystal growth as previously believed. A model for the growth process, as suggested by the data, is presented. Evidence is also presented to suggest that at certain temperatures and stretch rates, a triclinic phase transformation occurs during the flow process. The effect is to produce two separate melting entities which appear to be stretch rate sensitive, in line with previously published studies on the effects of stretching on the behavior of bulk polymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of small (〈20%) strain on the microstructure of Marlex 6009 polyethylene was investigatedin situ by absolute small and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The methods of analysis given in previous papers by Kavesh and Schultz were utilized. The degree of crystallinity decreased monotonically with strain. The “amorphous” density increased with strain to some 8 to 12% strain, after which the density levelled off at a value of about 0.901. The lamellar thickness was found to decrease slightly with strain while the intervening layer thickness increased. Finally, the plane of the carbon backbone rotated toward thea-c crystallographic plane as the strain increased. The microstructural effects are interpreted in the light of molecular rearrangements in both crystalline and “amorphous” zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1973), S. 525-538 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of the rate of solid-state polymerization of trithiane was investigated in conjunction with calorimetric measurements of the heat capacity of the irradiated monomer as a function of temperature. It was found that the rate of change of entropy with temperature exhibited a maximum at about 175° C. The curve of per cent polymerization versus isochronal, post-irradiation polymerization temperature also peaked at some 175° C. Finally, the existence of a crystalline phase-transition in the monomer at about 194° C was discovered by DSC and was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and by optical microscopy. Two models which may interrelate this set of phenomena are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 243-276 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An x-ray diffraction method for the simultaneous determination of crystallinity (including intracrystalline defects), effective Debye-Waller factors, and atomic positions has been developed and applied to semicrystalline polyethylene. It was found that this material unambiguously constitutes a two-phase system. Measurements of intracrystalline lattice disorder in the chain direction and perpendicular to the chain direction show these to be in the ratio 1:2.5. Lattice disorder was principally of the first kind. Paracrystalline disorder in the [110] direction was less than 2.4% at all experimental conditions. Results include measurements of degree of crystallinity, particle size, space group, and unit cell parameters and variation of these quantities with crystallization temperature, ambient temperature, and time.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 85-114 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the small-angle scattering power and the degree of crystallinity in melt-crystallized high-density polyethylene have been used to evaluate the “amorphous” density in situ by the relation, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (2\pi/V)\int_0^\infty {S\tilde g} (S)dS = (\rho_{\rm c} - \rho_{\rm a})^2 \upsilon_{{\rm er}} (1 - \upsilon_{{\rm er}}) $\end{document} where V is the irradiated volume and ḡ(S) is the “slit-smeared” absolute intensity. The amorphous density is a function of sample history and is always higher than the extrapolated melt density. After slit-height correction, and within the experimental error, the ratio of the two observed long periods is 2:1 at all temperatures (25--126°C). The lamellar thickness and the average interlamellar spacing are obtained from the degree of crystallinity and the first corrected long period. At increasing temperatures between 25°C and 110°C, the lamellae become thinner while the interlamellar zone expands by almost half. Over this range the changes are reversible with temperature. Above 110°C, both the lamellae and the interlamellar region expand with temperature. The thickening is partially reversible upon recooling. Other results obtained include measurements of stacking disorder and of microstructural changes with crystallization temperature and with time at ambient temperature.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 1871-1877 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical behavior of isotactic polypropylene following primary crystallization is known to be dependent on the aging time (e.g., at room temperature). This aging time effect is believed to be related to a form of additional crystallization (sometimes called secondary crystallization). We show in the present work that the aging characteristics depend on spherulite size and that indeed the spherulite size effects reported by others very likely reflect chain rearrangements upon aging, rather than some property associated with the as-crystallized material.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 819-821 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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