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Notizen: Abstract— (1) Mouse cerebrum slices swell in tris-buffered Krebs-Ringer medium. Swelling is rapid at first, then slows to a more or less constant rate. Even after 3 hr incubation, water content/g of tissue dry wt. shows no sign of an asymptotic limit. Swelling is the same at 37° and at 0°.(2) Tissue water measured by incubation with tritiated water is equal to total tissue water measured by drying slices. Equilibration between tritiated water and tissue water is complete within 2 min.(3) Tissue liquid can be divided into three phenomenologically distinguishable compartments: first inulin space, which is the compartment permeable to inulin at both 0° and 37°; second inulin space, which is the compartment permeable to inulin at 37° but not at 0°; and 37°non-inulin space, which is the compartment impermeable to inulin at both 0° and 37°. The evidence for this is:(a) Penetration of inulin into tissue is greater at 37° than at 0°. After the first 20 min the rate of penetration at 0° is approximately equal to the rate of penetration at 37°, and only slightly less than the rate of increase of total tissue water. Therefore the smaller inulin space observed at 0° cannot be due to slower entry of inulin.(b) The inulin content of slices incubated in inulin-containing medium at 37° and cooled to 0° in the same medium is the same as the inulin content of tissue incubated at 37° without subsequent cooling. In contrast, the inulin content of tissues preincubated in inulin-free medium at 37° and then incubated in inulin-containing medium at 0° is the same as the inulin content of tissues incubated in inulin-containing medium at 0° without preincubation at 37°. Therefore the smaller inulin space at 0° than at 37°can be due neither to a reversible temperature-dependent change in the size of one single inulin space nor to an irreversible, greater swelling of a single inulin space at the higher temperature, but is due to some portion of the 37° inulin space becoming impermeable to inulin at 0°.(c) Some inulin is retained by tissue incubated with inulin at 37°, then transferred to inulin-free medium at 0°; the amount of retained inulin is equal to the difference between inulin content of tissue incubated with inulin at 37° and tissue incubated with inulin at 0°. This confirms 3b above and in addition shows that inulin which has entered the second inulin space at 37° is trapped there when this space becomes impermeable to inulin at 0°.(4) The penetration of the amino acids, L-lysine and D-glutamate at 0° is equal to the penetration of inulin at 37°. This confirms the real existence of the 37° inulin space at 0°, and shows that the barrier at 0° between the first and second inulin spaces does not exist for these substances.(5) The amino acids L-leucine and glycine penetrate total tissue water at 0°. L-leucine is actively transported at this temperature.(6) The amino acids α-aminoisobutyric acid, L-leucine, and L-lysine at 2 mm have no effect at 37° on either the inulin space or the non-inulin space.(7) The inulin space is insensitive at 37° to physiologically significant changes in the medium. In contrast, the non-inulin space is quite sensitive to these changes. Addition of D-glutamate greatly increases the non-inulin space; addition of ouabain or cyanide, or omission of glucose, increases the non-inulin space slightly; and replacement of Na+ ion by choline+ ion greatly decreases this space. These changes are independent and roughly additive.

Notizen: Four groups, Young Males, Young Females, Aged Males and Aged Females, were run in a discrimination conditioning paradigm with a variety of autonomic and central measures. This paper deals primarily with Electro-Dermal Responses. The findings indicate that in all measures the Young Males and Young Females show the best discriminated conditioning, followed by Aged Females and Aged Males.In the GSP there are hints that the negative wave of the response might be related to the orienting phenomena whereas the positive wave is what becomes discriminately conditioned in the experiment.A cognitive questionnaire was accurately answered in the same rank order as the conditioning, that is. Young Males, Young Females, Aged Females and Aged Males.

Notizen: [Auszug] Antibody molecules, or “immunoglobulins”, have been recognized only in vertebrates and all are found to have a fundamentally similar structure consisting of two heavy and two light peptide chains. Recent studies of the amino-acid sequences of these chains are of interest in relation to ...

Notizen: [Auszug] In the presence of immune serum, malaria parasites inside red blood cells grow and differentiate, but re-invasion of erythrocytes is prevented and the succeeding cycle of parasite development is completely ...